Kant and Categorical Imperatives Essay

So as to assess one’s activities whether they are good or not, we utilize numerous ethical difficulties. One of them is Kant’s downright goal. This exposition presents Kant’s undertaking of unmitigated goal. At that point, I will clarify that rulers should interest Kant’s clear cut basic when settling on international strategy choice. So as to help my perspective, I will offer significance to the reasons of why rulers bid to clear cut basic when making international strategy, so I have two purposes behind this. One of them is that states rely upon one another in financially and strategically. Accordingly, so as to give this steadiness which implies that keep on remaining among different states, states should act through the standards of all out basic which are generally legitimate, honest goal and never utilizing individuals or different states as intends to end. The subsequent explanation is that if rulers advance to all out basic when settling on international strategy choices, the world can be progressively tranquil. Since, wars and clashes which are brought about by terrible goal, utilizing others or states as means for picking up focal points which are not generally substantial can be prevented by unmitigated objectives. At long last, I will reason that the Kant’s all out goals are as yet substantial and vital when rulers are settling on international strategy choices. In the event that we clarify quickly Kant’s all out goal, there are fundamentally three rules that speak to it. These are widespread law, finishes as a methods and the significance of goal in leading of human conduct. Right off the bat, as per Kant, one’s activity ought to be all around substantial. All inclusive legitimacy implies that individuals should think practices and they have to pass judgment on their own practices or activities are ethically satisfactory or not. At the point when you think about your conduct, in the event that you conclude that everybody demonstrations similarly with me, at that point the activity become all inclusive and good. The second guideline of clear cut basic is that individuals must regard others and never use them for accomplishing a few objectives. In conclusion, the third however the most significant basis of all out basic is saying, which implies expectation. Virtue is dictated by the expectation of individuals, which is called general adage. In the event that your expectation is acceptable, at that point your activity is good. The results of your activity are not significant, the most significant thing is your goal. Therefore, being good in your activities relies upon the all inclusive legitimacy. In any case, it doesn't make a difference that how your activities finish up on others whether they are positive or negative. So as to clarify the main explanation of why rulers should speak to straight out basic when settling on international strategy choices, we can consider the developing exchange between the states. States become increasingly associated when exchanges among different states grow. Reliance isn't just significant monetarily yet in addition politically on the grounds that all monetary or business movement relies upon political places of the states. At the point when states exchange between one another, they become commonly subject to each other’s political preferences. Likewise, world markets are affected by legislative issues and state’s power on the planet markets relies upon its international strategy. In this way, states ought to set up great relations with different states. Hence, when settling on international strategy choices, ruler should engage straight out objective. Right off the bat, rulers’ activities must be all around legitimate. In the event that state’s outside choices are inside substantial, at that point state can't profit by this strategically and monetarily. For instance, if the state choose to change the cost of its fare merchandise up without endorsement of different states, at that point states couldn't sell its products whose cost increment, in light of the fact that different states need to purchase similar products from another nation whose cost is less expensive. Second point is that if state’s aim is terrible and this sort of goal is comprehended by different states, this state is reprimanded by different states, which have a connection with this state. Accordingly, the express that is censured turns out to be distant from everyone else on the planet market and world arrangement with no favorable position both strategically and financially. Thus, states ought to have a well meaning goal when they have relations with different states. The subsequent explanation is that standards of straight out basic can give harmony and request if rulers bid to them when settling on international strategy choices. Since, states begin to think all around while acting toward different states as opposed to acting naturally intrigued. In addition, acting with honest goals and not utilizing individuals or different states as means give equity and request on the planet. Since, each state needs to be incredible and they attempt to get more force than different states. It implies that so as to arrive at their points, they just can utilize other international strategy on-screen characters as apparatuses. At the end of the day, they can utilize different states as a way to their closures. Because of this sort of activity, war between states is unavoidable. It is on the grounds that when one state can act in that manner toward others at that point, different states likewise act in comparative way. Hence, their inclinations can be most likely tangled and disarray in world legislative issues can emerge. In any case, if states consider the standards of absolute objective, there will be likely no contention or disarray on the planet legislative issues. Taking everything into account, when the standards of unmitigated basic are concerned, we effectively understand that they rely upon one another and they help us to assess the activities, which are good. These standards of straight out basic have a similar objective that is being good. For to be good, the activities ought to be all inclusive and ought not have the point of utilizing others so as to pick up favorable circumstances. In the event that rulers direct through the standards of all out goal, at that point, clearly the world would be progressively quiet and reasonable. Be that as it may, these commitments are not tried in today’s world governmental issues. Be that as it may, it is sufficient to realize that clear cut basic is as yet legitimate and is important to apply to today’s states of international strategy.

Buddhism Essays (3162 words) - Gautama Buddha, Buddhism In Japan

Buddhism In Life there is languishing. This prods on the ceaseless quest for all inclusive truth and importance. Jodo Shinsu is a response to this inquiry. The practice of Jodo Shinshu is the recitation of the Nembutsu with self-reflection. It includes hearing the call of Amida Buddha, the Buddha of Interminable Life and Infinite Light, Compassion and Wisdom, inside others' or our own recitation of the Name. Which calls us to raise our otherworldly points of view past quick self image interests to widespread worries for sympathy, equity in the human network and worry for the life of nature. The opening of life is Nembutsu. An actual existence lived in mindfulness, that we ourselves are the articulations, the indications, of reliance and empathy and committed to bringing that reality to others as we have encountered it. The Nembutsu is an otherworldly sanctuary, which can be moved and reverenced any place one might be. Time or space does not tie strict practice. Or maybe, from inside the profound openings of one's soul the call of Amida Buddha can be heard, taking our consideration back to the very wellspring of life itself, and confirming its essence in the very demonstration of living itself. http://www.mew.com/shin/doc/txt/pax.html Buddhism is one of the world's extraordinary religions. The religion depends on the instructing of Siddhartha Gautama, regularly known as The Buddha, who lived around 557 BC to 477 BC. Buddha signifies a Supremely Enlightened One or Fully Awakened One (likewise a Tathagata) who has won the acknowledgment of the True Permanent Outright Reality, a definitive truth. Buddhism is based on a system that comprises of the Four Noble Truths, four essential standards of nature (Dhamma) that rose up out of the Buddha's straightforward and entering evaluation of the human condition and that serve to characterize the whole extent of Buddhist practice. These facts are not fixed narrow minded standards, however living encounters to be investigated separately in the core of the genuine otherworldly searcher: To each of these Respectable Truths the Buddha allocated a particular errand, which the expert is to complete. The principal Noble Truth is to be grasped dukkha (languishing, inadmissibility, and stress): life is on a very basic level full of inadmissibility and dissatisfaction of each portrayal. The second is the reason for dukkha: the reason for this disappointment is tanha (wanting) in all its structures. The third is the suspension of dukkha: a conclusion to all that inadmissibility can be found through the surrender and relinquishment of the longings. The full acknowledgment of the third Noble Truth makes ready for the immediate entrance of Nirvana, the extraordinary opportunity that remains as the last objective of all the Buddha's lessons. The remainder of the Noble Truths (the Honorable Eight overlay Path), contains a solution for the help of our despondency and for our inevitable discharge for the last time from the difficult and wearisome pattern of birth and passing (samsara) to which through our own numbness (avijja) of the Four Noble Truths we have been destined for innumerable ages. The Honorable Eight overlay Path offers a far reaching reasonable manual for the turn of events of those healthy characteristics and aptitudes in the human heart that must be developed so as to carry the professional to the last objective, the incomparable opportunity and joy of Nirvana. The eight characteristics to be created are Right View, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. The Quality of Right View is to seek to accomplish acknowledgment of flawless knowledge, a definitive genuine lasting reality. Keep away from every insidious demonstration of thought, to achieve the all out obliteration all things considered. The Quality Of Right Resolve is to repudiate all showing, all developments, all that is made pretend, to create dispassion, all out separation, outright renunciation, self-give up. To bring about the end of all made real factors. To self-acknowledge is the exceptional arousing of self. To win the opportunity of brain, the opportunity through immaculate instinctive intelligence, the normal and insusceptible liberation of will. Right Speech is to keep away from all lying discourse, all perjurious discourse, all malice harsh discourse and all trivial discourse. To take part in discourse and conversation that relates to and prompts Nirvana, to what's really lasting and genuine. Right Activity is to go without all executing everything being equal, keep away from all taking, swear off all sexy and sexual unfortunate behavior, avoid all detestable acts, and swear off all types of inebriation. Right Living is to go without from every underhanded strategy for job. Right Effort is to decimate every single abhorrence state of psyche that has just emerged. To keep new insidiousness perspectives

Benefits of Being a Competitive Person

Benefits of Being a Competitive Person Are Competitive People More Successful? Home›Tips for Students›Are Competitive People More Successful? Tips for StudentsCompetitive people rule the world and that is true. Their audacious nature is not all about conflicts solely â€" they want the best from life and get it no matter what difficulties they meet on their way. It is not a crime to want to be the best, is it? Those people who can’t defend their point of view are not likely to be happy in any sphere of life. If you don’t believe, QualityCustomEssays will list you the advantages of being a competitive person. Well, here they are:They believe in their strengths. They don’t need cheering up and encouragement from others. They believe in themselves and try to deal with their difficulties on their own. They are sure that they will be able to cope with everything and there is nothing to stop them. Their strong faith in their abilities gives them big power and helps to succeed.They are optimists. If competitive people were pessimists, they would not be successful. Their nature causes challenges in their life, but they never give up and tackle difficulties. Confidence and optimism â€" those are the two tools they use every day. They are sure that there is the way  out of any difficult situation thus they begin looking for the suitable one instead of crying and worrying as other people.Their comfort zone is almost unlimited. It is not about having a house, friends, a family and a job. Competitive people are not afraid to get out of their usual comfort zone. They feel themselves at home in any environment and surrounding. Such people are ready for anything, which makes their comfort zone almost anywhere.They cause progress. The notion innovation would not exist if there were no competitors. At the beginning people had everything for a good living, but some of them wanted to show their superiority and started to invent new things. It was the first step in progress. Then people started competing with each other. Owing to competitive people we have all those new gadgets.They are very creative. Competitive people are enormously creative. If a person wants to be ahead of others, his or her brain has to be active all the time. A competitive person may be unable to sing, for example, but if it is necessary for the growth, he or she will do impossible to master singing!If to speak about creativity in academic writing, remember that our service is ahead of all the competitors in this sphere. Feel the benefits of cooperation with us and you will not only get good marks for all of your essays, but have some free time for becoming a more competitive person! I am sure that the mentioned above benefits convinced you that being competitive is not bad after all! Good luck!

Shakespeares Desdemona and Othello An Analysis

At the heart of Shakespeares  Othello is the doomed romance between Desdemona and Othello. They are in love, but poor Othello cant get past his self-doubt as to why such a lovely creature would love him. This leaves his mind susceptible to the tragic poisoning by the scheming Iago, even though sweet Desdemona has done nothing wrong.   Desdemona Analysis Too often played as a weak character, Desdemona is strong and bold. She defies her father: â€Å"But here’s my husband, And so much duty as my mother showed To you, preferring you before her father, So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord† (Act 1, Scene 3, lines 184–188). This quote demonstrates her strength and her bravery. Her father appears to be a very controlling man, but she stands up to him. It is revealed that he has previously warned Roderigo off his daughter: â€Å"My daughter is not for thee† (Act 1, Scene 1, line 99), and she takes control so that he is unable to speak for her. Desdemona and Othello She, having the choice of many a more suitable match, chooses a man despite his racial difference. In marrying a black man, Desdemona flies in the face of convention and unapologetically faces criticism for her bold choice.  It could be argued that she loved him because of his racial  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹difference  if she meant to shock her father.   As Othello explains, it is Desdemona who pursued him after she fell in love with his stories of valor:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"These things to hear would Desdemona seriously incline† (Act 1 Scene 3, line 145). This also shows that she is not a submissive, passive character in that she decided she wanted him, and she pursued him. Desdemona, unlike her husband, is not insecure. Even when called a whore, she remains loyal to him and resolves to love him despite his misunderstanding of her. She is resolute and tenacious in the face of adversity. On the subject of her relationship with Othello, Desdemona says: That I did love the Moor to live with him,​ My downright violence and storm of fortunes May trumpet to the world: my hearts subdued Even to the very quality of my lord: I saw Othellos visage in his mind, And to his honour and his valiant parts Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate. So that, dear lords, if I be left behind, A moth of peace, and he go to the war, The rites for which I love him are bereft me, And I a heavy interim shall support By his dear absence. Let me go with him. Desdemona’s Tenacity Desdemona is one of the only  characters  early in the  play who stands up to  Iago: Oh, fie upon thee, slanderer† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line 116). She is astute and bold. She bids Othello do the sensible thing and ask Cassio how he obtained her handkerchief, but this is too rational for Othello, who has already ordered his murder. Her tenacity partly serves as her downfall; she continues to champion Cassio’s cause even when she knows this may cause problems for her. When she wrongly believes him to be dead, she openly weeps for him as she clearly sets out she has nothing to be ashamed of â€Å"I never did/Offend you in my life, never loved Cassio† (​Act 5 Scene 2, lines 66–67).​ Desdemona’s love for Othello is unwaning: â€Å"My love doth so approve him/That even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns—/Prithee unpin me—have grace and  favour  in them† (Act 4 Scene 3, lines 18–20). Even as Desdemona faces death, she asks Emilia to commend her to her kind lord. She remains in love with him, knowing that he is responsible for her death. Othello Analysis Othello might be impressive on the battlefield, but his own personal insecurity leads to the tragic end of the story. He  admires and loves his dear wife very much, but he cant believe that she would be in love with him. So Iagos crazy lies about Cassio just feed into Othellos self-doubt, to the point that Othello doesnt even believe the truth when he hears it. He just believes the evidence that fits with his skewed, incorrect perception borne from his own insecurity. He cannot believe in reality, for it seems too good to be true.

Imaginary Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained

Imaginary Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained What You Should Do About Imaginary Essay Topics Starting in the Next 5 Minutes The information also needs to be easily understandable. In order in order to construct and pursue the interest of the graduate essay vividly, it's also advisable to opt for a topic with source materials readily offered. The content ought to be clear and simple to grasp. The very first and last paragraph is essential. At other cases, you might even be the one to select your personal subject. In other instances, if it's necessary to write on a topic that isn't your forte then it's possible to research on the topic extensively. To begin with, you must choose an appropriate topic for building a thesis statement. The Ultimate Imaginary Essay Topics Trick If you haven't written any narration essays before, you ought to read works of different students to comprehend how to develop a structure, the way to use your private narrative ideas, and what topics you're able to utilize. For an Essay contest, the style in which you express yourself depends upon the topic you've got to write on. Imaginary Essays are the most frequently used types. The Personal Essay is a distinctive genre you will likely just have to write once or, at most, twice in your whole life. Facts, Fiction and Imaginary Essay Topics It is possible to buy argumentative essay from a specialist writer. Thus, a writer is needed to incorporate sufficient quantity of authentic data in a history essay. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. He tries to delve deeply into the social and psychological meaning of the Midnight's Children, undertaking an effort to reveal its humanistic interpretation and to provide a reader with a different version of the events. Additional it's suggested to master writing abilities every so often, to find the very best grade for the essay. So if you're expected to compose a history essay, you have to be clear about past events with superior writing abilities. You'll discover a narrative essay writing services offered by eli. Inside my experience, the very best essays take on an extremely strong voice that talk to a specific individual. The New Angle On Imaginary Essay Topics Just Released The essay is where to allow the admissions office of your intended college get to understand your personality, character, and the talents and abilities that aren't on your transcript. You are permitted to collaborate with different students to create much better work. Even though it's common, student has to acquire right to become great grades. Often college students get into a great deal of stress to get the perfect topic for the essay. You are able to start out with rhetoric questions, put three dots at the clos e of the sentence to reveal your thoughtfulness. Think of means to allow it to be exciting for you as well as the audience. You will also have to convince yourself that the topic isn't a boring one, and discover strategies to relate it to the true world. For some of them you will require help, while others you are able to write all on your own. Imaginary Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? It is crucial to reinforce the key points in the conclusion sensibly. Therefore, if you begin with a terrible topic, not only will you wind up with a poor essay, but you risk ruining the excellent impression that the remainder of your application makes. Sum up the primary points and main arguments that you're going to support or refute. Thus in the instance of all thesis statements, valid arguments should be present to support the major point of the essay. You will wind up your complete work here, writing an effective conclusion is an art since you have to discuss just about all the thing again within a paragraph. Furthermore, it's advised that you use transitional words and sentences to be able to sustain a flow in the interview essay. Stay away from repetition Don't use the very same idea over and over, by phrasing it differently. Adhering to a pattern will allow you to concentrate on main points rather than losing your track. The Dirty Facts About Imaginary Essay Topics The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. If you're struggling to find one, try out a superior essay writing service to conserve time. If you're feeling unsure at any time, you should choose low-cost essay writing services readily available online instead of risking for any error. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to steer clear of low superior services.

Philosophy of Love and Sex Free Essays

Describe the three kinds of love: Eros, Philia and Agape Eros: †¢This is Greek term that refers to a type of love that is passionate, shows intense desire for something and is often referred to as sexual desires. Another word to describe this type of love is known as â€Å"Erotic. † As Plato writes: â€Å"he who loves the beautiful is called a lover because he partakes of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Love and Sex or any similar topic only for you Order Now † This quote explains that someone who admires the beauty of another is a lover because he shows the affection. The Platonic-Socratic explains that you can’t truly be friends with another after having sex with them. Philia: †¢Refers to the opposite sex and showing a tremendous amount of affection and appreciation towards friendship, parents, humanity. It should be a non-sexual relationship. Having friends is a good part of life. You need friendship to give you a notion to keep you happy to adjust to yourself. Forming a friendship is from liking each other, talking to one another or having the opposite of what you are (different). He also believes that friendship is based on pleasure but he also says that it’s not a real friendship then. Agape: †¢The love of humanity, belief in god and the combination of both Eros and Philia. You love everybody and everyone. Show affection towards your enemies and be nice to everyone. Love is unique and is distinguished by its nature and its character and how it is shown. It is also known as brotherly love. How to cite Philosophy of Love and Sex, Papers

Siergiej leads Girls Hockey into ’10 Season free essay sample

The only current professional women’s hockey coach and player in the United States of America is now manning the Girls Varsity team at Arrowhead High School. Jinelle Siergiej, a member of the 2009–10 United States national womens ice hockey team, also won silver medal at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games, and is now the head coach at Arrowhead High School. The girls program now is under its fourth coach, and looks to build off of last year’s season. The Warhawks return a squad that has featured large amounts of underclassmen the past three years. Varsity experience should pay off for the team this year, and should lessen the pressure on Ziergiej to perform in her first year as Varsity Head Coach. â€Å"The past few years have been a work in progress, as we have had many young faces competing at the varsity level. This year, all those young players have at least one year of varsity experience, which should make this year a good year for the girls program. We will write a custom essay sample on Siergiej leads Girls Hockey into ’10 Season or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I’m excited to hit the ice,† said senior and four year Varsity letter-winner Mariah. The Warhawks previous campaigns have been railed due to injuries, players leaving the team, and inconsistent play from varsity newcomers. â€Å"This year, we should be able to put the past four years together, and make something special happen. The girls have trained hard, and we are ready to enter the season with confidence that we are a team to beat,† said senior Mikayla. The girl’s season begins in November with the girls taking on the Thunder on the 20th of November.

Free Essays on Plato

Some assumed that homosexuality alone is capable of satisfying â€Å"a man’s highest and noblest aspirations†. Whereas heterosexual love is placed at an inferior level, being described as only existing for carnal reasons; its ultimate purpose being procreation. There are differing views in these dialogues, Aristophanes contradicts his peers by treating heterosexuality at the same level as homosexuality, arguing that both are predestined. Aristophanes considered himself as the comic poet and he began his discourse as such. Yet as the speech continued, he professed to open another vein of discourse; he had a mind to praise Love in another way, unlike that of either Pausanias or Eryximachus. â€Å"Mankind†, he said, â€Å"judging by their neglect of him, have never at all understood the power of Love†. He argued that if they had understood him they would have built noble temples and altars, and offered solemn sacrifices in his honor. He sought to describe his power and wanted to teach the rest of the world what he was teaching at that moment. Aristophanes spoke first of the nature of man and what had become of it. He said that human nature had changed: The sexes were originally three in number; there was man, woman, and the union of the two. At one time there was a distinct kind, with a bodily shape and a name of its own, constituted by the union of the male and the female: but now only the word 'androgynous' remains, and that as a term of reproach. Aristophanes proceeded by telling an anecdote about the terrible might and strength of mankind and how â€Å"the thoughts of their hearts were so great that they made an attack upon the gods†, leaving the celestial councils to decide whether or not to kill them. Zeus found a solution, and decided to cut them in two so as to divide their strength. As he cut them one after another, he bade Apollo give the face and the half of the neck a turn in order that man might contemplate the secti on of himsel... Free Essays on Plato Free Essays on Plato In Plato’s parable of the misgoverned ship to a poorly run city government he believes that the ship, Athenian democracy, is headed for destruction. Each person is acting in his own interest’s not keeping in mind what he is best for the entire crew. The captain on the ship is physically stronger and bigger then all others onboard the ship, but his hearing, eyesight and knowledge of seafaring are lacking. This captain is being compared the main rulers or leaders of a city; rulers must be propionate members of their society and well as respected just like a captain must be the propionate member on his ship. The captain can not be expected to understand and run all aspects of their everyday city operation just as the ruler can not be. Plato’s captain is not given credit for his work and functions onboard a ship. Not all captains/leaders suffer from â€Å"blindness† about what is happening under their rule. Also Athenian democracy did not have a distinct ruler that stayed in a position of overwhelming power for very long; so the captain is not represented very well. The sailors are constantly arguing with each other, each thinking that they should be the pilot, even though none of them have education on how to navigate. They also think that navigation can not be taught, so they are constantly trying to control the captain through flattery and deceit. They are not skilled in the art of navigation and do not feel that they should have learn it because it is something that we are all inherently born with. The sailors are seeking to control the ship for their benefit and not for that of everyone on board. Once they do get control they drink and eat all the supplies onboard and do not leave supplies for trading which is their reason for sailing. The sailors are a representation of politicians who act in their own interests. These people get in positions of power through flattery and once there suck money from the society or ... Free Essays on Plato Class Divisions in Plato’s Ideal State In his search for justice in The Republic, Plato describes three separate class divisions in the ideal state. The philosophers who possess knowledge, the warriors who possess courage, and the common man who lives to fulfill their wants make up the Plato’s class hierarchy and form the basis for Plato’s efficient city. The three virtues that Plato describes are wisdom, courage, and moderation. Wisdom or â€Å"the love of knowledge† describes the rulers of the city. Since philosophers innately possess this love of knowledge, Plato believes the philosophers should be the ruling class. The other â€Å"guardians† that Plato describes possess courage achieved through an unconquerable spirit. Plato states that, â€Å"a man that is devoid of†¦spirit cannot possibly make a good guardian.† This constitutes a second class of warriors in Plato’s ideal state. The third class or the â€Å"common man† lives only to fulfill his desires. The virtue he’s in search of is moderation and he is in need of this because unlimited desire is evil in Plato’s ideal state. Philosophers are the only ones that possess the knowledge necessary to be the rulers of the ideal state. Philosophers possess this so-called â€Å"love of knowledge† that makes them the best of the guardian class. The common man is not qualified to be in the ruling class because he is concerned only with satisfying his own desires thus incapable of fulfilling the citizens’ needs and serving the general welfare of the state. They are in need of moderation and this occurs only when desires are controlled by the rulers. The problem with this scenario lies in the fact that this is not the way the world works which can be verified through empirical evidence. These characteristics cannot be separated into three different classes; all three characteristics exist in each man. In Plato’s ideal state the ruling class is required to give up thei... Free Essays on Plato What are some of the ways that love can help humans to achieve happiness and fulfillment? There are many ways in which love can help humans to achieve happiness and fulfillment. In Plato’s discussion on love, he explains to us that love offers us a pathway from chaos (25-31 Plato, Aristophanes), the romantic companionship that it offers can lead people out of loneliness. Love also leads us to happiness and fulfillment by leading us too our matching half who we can spend the rest of our lives with. Love can also make us feel different emotions depending on how the love is carried out. Phadreus claims that love gives us a sense of shame for acting badly and a sense of pride for acting well. Another positive aspect of love is that is helps us to overcome selfishness therefore leading to happiness and fulfillment. What are some of the ways that CERTAIN forms of love can pose an obstacle to human’s achievement of happiness and fulfillment? There are many ways in which different kinds of love such as sexual love, romantic love, friendship love, love of god, ect†¦ can in turn pose as an obstacle for human’s achievement of happiness and fulfillment. Firstly, if we take sexual love, Augustine believes that his desire for sexual love pushed him away from achieving happiness because sex prevented him from figuring out what he should believe in the area of religion. The focus on sexual love prevented Augustine to form a strong spiritual relationship with God and a healthy relationship with his wife as he mentioned in book VI. Another problem that Augustine was faced with which many of people today are faced with is winning the love of your friends. In the Theft of Pears, Augustine presents a perfect example of one trying to obtain the love of his friends by stealing the pears and gaining praise by doing so. Thus he was trying to imitate God in order to obtain happiness and fulfillment, however, â€Å"Happin ess doesn’... Free Essays on Plato Plato was born in Athens, Greece in about 427 B.C (based on the Gregorian Calendar). Born into a family of aristocrats, Plato’s father, Ariston, was said to have been a descendant of the royal kings of Athens. This might explain Plato’s why as a young man, Plato’s interest were in political leadership. He was disillusioned by the low level of politics in his time and felt that the only hope for Athens political state was to found a school and create a new kind of political character. Socrates, a great philosopher at that time, was said to have been the reason for Plato renouncing his political practice. Plato became a disciple of Socrates, following in his basic philosophy and dialectical style of debate. The relationship between Plato and Socrates was cut short by the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 B.C. Afraid for his life; Plato left Athens and began to travel. Plato continued in the pursuit of truth through questions, answers and additional questions. Plato traveled around to many Greek cities in search of more knowledge and truth. It wasn’t until about 385 B.C that Plato returned to Athens. There, he founded the Academy, which is said to be the first University in history. This school provided a comprehensive curriculum for those future scholars that would follow in Plato’s path. The great philosopher, Plato wrote many dialogues, which can be defined as the parts of a literary or dramatic work that represents conversation. For him, dialogues were a part of his conception of philosophy. Although his works are not dated, they all come from one of three periods; the early, middle or late periods. Plato also wrote some letters, but his dialogues are what made him great. His early dialogues such as Lysis, (a discussion of friendship), and Book I of the Republic (a discussion of justice) were dedicated solely to the memory of Socrates. His middle to late while still using Socrates in them re... Free Essays on Plato Some assumed that homosexuality alone is capable of satisfying â€Å"a man’s highest and noblest aspirations†. Whereas heterosexual love is placed at an inferior level, being described as only existing for carnal reasons; its ultimate purpose being procreation. There are differing views in these dialogues, Aristophanes contradicts his peers by treating heterosexuality at the same level as homosexuality, arguing that both are predestined. Aristophanes considered himself as the comic poet and he began his discourse as such. Yet as the speech continued, he professed to open another vein of discourse; he had a mind to praise Love in another way, unlike that of either Pausanias or Eryximachus. â€Å"Mankind†, he said, â€Å"judging by their neglect of him, have never at all understood the power of Love†. He argued that if they had understood him they would have built noble temples and altars, and offered solemn sacrifices in his honor. He sought to describe his power and wanted to teach the rest of the world what he was teaching at that moment. Aristophanes spoke first of the nature of man and what had become of it. He said that human nature had changed: The sexes were originally three in number; there was man, woman, and the union of the two. At one time there was a distinct kind, with a bodily shape and a name of its own, constituted by the union of the male and the female: but now only the word 'androgynous' remains, and that as a term of reproach. Aristophanes proceeded by telling an anecdote about the terrible might and strength of mankind and how â€Å"the thoughts of their hearts were so great that they made an attack upon the gods†, leaving the celestial councils to decide whether or not to kill them. Zeus found a solution, and decided to cut them in two so as to divide their strength. As he cut them one after another, he bade Apollo give the face and the half of the neck a turn in order that man might contemplate the secti on of himsel... Free Essays on Plato The Allegory of the Cave is Plato's explanation of the education of the soul toward enlightenment. He sees it as what happens when someone is educated to the level of philosopher. He contends that they must "go back into the cave" or return to the everyday world of politics, greed and power struggles. The Allegory also attacks people who rely upon or are slaves to their senses. The chains that bind the prisoners are the senses. The fun of the allegory is to try to put all the details of the cave into your interpretation. In other words, what are the models the guards carry? the fire? the struggle out of the cave? the sunlight? the shadows on the cave wall? Socrates, in Book VII of The Republic, just after the allegory told us that the cave was our world and the fire was our sun. He said the path of the prisoner was our soul's ascent to knowledge or enlightenment. He equated our world of sight with the intellect's world of opinion. Both were at the bottom of the ladder of knowledge. Our world of sight allows us to "see" things that are not real, such as parallel lines and perfect circles. He calls this higher understanding the world "abstract Reality" or the Intelligeble world. He equates this abstract reality with the knowledge that comes from reasoning and finally understanding. On the physical side, our world of sight, the stages of growth are first recognition of images (the shadows on the cave wall) then the recognition of objects (the models the guards carry) To understand abstract reality requires the understanding of mathematics and finally the forms or the Ideals of all things (the world outside the cave). But our understanding of the physical world is mirrored in our minds by our ways of thinking. First comes imagination (Socrates thought little of creativity), then our unfounded but real beliefs. Opinion gives way to knowledge through reasoning (learned though mathematics). Finally, the realization of the forms is mirrored ... Free Essays on Plato The message of Plato’s myth of the cave conveys his theory of how we come to know or how we attain true knowledge. In the cavern people are chained so they can look forward only at the wall of the cave. Behind them, a fire burns which they are never able to see. Nevertheless, between them and the fire runs a path with a low wall, along which people carry pictures, puppets, and statues. The prisoners cannot see the exit out of the cave, the fire burning behind them, or the people carrying objects in front of the fire. They only see the shadows. Plato makes an Appearance/Reality distinction. For example, the relation between what things appear to be to the senses and what they really are. The prisoners are only familiar with the appearances of shadows and thus they mistake appearance, which are the shadows, for Reality. Furthermore, they do not know what causes the shadows. We can reach the forms through the mind much like a sixth sense. We apprehend the higher world through min d in much the same way that we apprehend this world with our eyes. The cave allegory also proves that the role of education is not to teach in the sense of feeding people information they do not have, but rather to shed light on things they already know. Since the soul is immortal, we are born knowing everything we will ever know. All we have to do is remember it or be guided into remembering it. Professors often say that they give the knowledge just as we give gifts, but in all reality we are born with this knowledge which must be inspired and turned on to fully acquire true knowledge. A professor’s job is to guide students into remembrance of things known, rather than filling them with new things. The light of the Sun, or the Good, shines down upon things and helps the man to a remembrance of them. Knowledge is within us, going inward, not mere surface appearance. Therefore he does not have to be told what they are once the light is on them, he recognizes wh... Free Essays on Plato Society today is changing at a phenomenal rate. Many people are left behind only to find themselves being forced to catch up. More than 2000 years ago, Plato wrote â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† which contemplates the process of change and the acceptance of it. The views Plato expressed in his writings can still be used to describe the world today. Everyone begins in the dark. We enter this world a blank slate where our parents and the formal education system nurture, protect, and try to prepare us for life. After we finish school and move out of our parent’s home we are rudely awakened by the harsh reality of the real world. The enlightenment we experience when we reach adulthood is only the beginning, but it is enough for us to know we don’t want to go back where we started. As infants we see things in the most basic form; we do not have any understanding of what we see or hear. Our parents teach us what they think we should know, and how we should act. Our schools teach us what we need to know to survive in today’s economic society. We accept what they teach, and do not question why because we do not know for sure what lies ahead. Plato symbolizes this when he writes â€Å"human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light†¦their legs and neck chained so that they cannot move† (315, 316). We finally finish school and leave the comfort of our parent’s home; we are tossed into the midst of the real world and all of its harshness. At first it is a struggle, in most instances we are afraid, and many are not ready for the change. We are eventually able to meet the challenge; we settle into our routine and welcome the next challenge. Plato sums this up when he writes â€Å"when any of them is liberated and compelled to suddenly stand up and turn his neck around and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains†¦ and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision† (3... Free Essays on Plato Plato believed that education of the guardian starts in the early childhood. "Don’t you know that the beginning is the most important part of every work and that this is especially so with anything young and tender? For at that stage it’s most plastic, and each thing assimilates itself to the model whose stamp anyone wishes to give to it" (377 b). He then proposes children must learn speech or logic (376 d), gymnastic and music (376 e). American elementary schools implement his ideas by teaching reading and writing for logic exercise, physical education and athletics for gymnastic, and specialist session for learning music. For reading, or storytelling for preliterate children, Plato suggests telling stories that enlighten children about the good values – in this case justice in the society – so they will not be contaminated with lies and injustice. For example, children should learn about the history of America, the biography of American founding fathers, and the values that the United States of America is based upon, such as patriotism, freedom, and justice. Considering Plato’s suggestion, we should not allow children to listen to or to read stories about sexual scandals and other misconduct among politicians in the higher public offices. Plato recommends it is equally good for children to learn divine aspects about God. He insisted that the God’s works were just and good (380 b), and the God and what belongs to the God are in every way the best condition (381 b). He disagrees to any effort to tell children about God as wizard, God as a high-tempered figure, or even about the thoughts that God is a liar. Plato criticized poems, tales and stories that undermined God. It seems that Plato believed in God. It is difficult to implement Plato’s ideas about teaching about God’s existence in American public schools because religion is not part of the subject matter. In fact, it is prohibited by the Constitution. Educator... Free Essays on Plato Plato’s â€Å"Crito,† begins with dialogue between Socrates and Crito which takes place in Socrate’s prison cell, where he awaits execution. Crito had been watching Socrates for a long time and was amazed how peacefully he slept awaiting death. But Socrates replies that it would be odd to fear death at such an old age Crito has made arrangements to smuggle his friend Socrates out of prison to safety. But since Socrates is willing to wait for his execution, Crito presents many arguments to persuade him to escape. He first tell Socrates that he should not worry about the risk or the financial cost to his friends. The next two arguments state that if Socrates remained in prison, he would be helping his enemies in wrondoing him unjustly, and this would result in acting unjustly himself. Crito also mentioned that he would be abandoning his children and leaving them without a father. Socrates replies to Crito that he should not worry about public opinion and to only listen to expert and wise advise. He tells Crito that if escaping from prison is just, he will go with Crito, if it is unjust, he must remain in prison and face death. Next, Socrates begins to tell about the Laws of Athens, which speaks to him and explain why it would be unjust for him to leave his cell. He believes that breaking one rule means breaking them all which would cause great harm since these laws provided for his upbringing and education. Socrates provides a very convincing argument of why he should not escape from the Athenian prison. He states that if he does as Crito suggests and escapes, it will not be justifiable nor true. Although his family and friends will be much happier if he escapes, he will not follow the justice or moral code of the state in which he was born and raised. Socrates also gives the idea that if he were to escape, his family and friends would be happy for him, but their fellow citizens and their state in which they reside would no... Free Essays on Plato Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and Black Elk’s â€Å"The Great Vision† each make a case for a particular way of knowing through a vision or higher realm. Black Elk describes a far more detailed version of his own vision as a young child. His experience provides a way of knowing the spiritual world. Plato describes a man imprisoned in a cave who finds a way of knowing and understanding the world through an enlightening experience. Both authors share similar ideas of gaining knowledge at a higher level, but smaller details of their writings show the differences in their positions. In â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† Plato created a metaphoric story beginning at the far end of a cave, a long way from the outside world where men had lived since childhood with their legs and necks tied up in a way that kept them in one place and only allowed them to look straight ahead. Further up the cave, a fire was burning which allowed minimal lighting. There was a wall between the fire and the men, behind which people carried all sorts of artifacts. The men were only able to see shadows of these artifacts. They did not have any knowledge of definite objects. One of the men was untied and dragged into the sunlight. After his eyes adjusted to the light, he feasted his eyes â€Å"on the heavenly bodies and the heavens themselves.† He was told he was now closer to reality and was seeing more accurately. When the man saw the sun, he deducted that it was â€Å"the source of the seasons and the yearly cycle that the whole of the visible realm is its domain.† Plato called the upward journey the mind’s ascent to the intelligible realm. â€Å"In the realm of knowledge is goodness† which is responsible for everything that is right and fine and â€Å"is the source and provider of truth.† Plato deducted that after visiting the higher realm, one would not want â€Å"to engage in human business† in the lower realm because his mind would rather be in the upper regi... Free Essays on Plato Plato's Theory of Knowledge Plato’s Theory of Knowledge is very interesting. He expresses this theory with three approaches: his allegory of The Cave, his metaphor of the Divided Line and his doctrine The Forms. Each theory is interconnected; one could not be without the other. Here we will explore how one relates to the other. In The Cave, Plato describes a vision of shackled prisoners seated in a dark cave facing the wall. Chained also by their necks, the prisoners can only look forward and see only shadows, These shadows are produced by men, with shapes of objects or men, walking in front of a fire behind the prisoners. Plato states that for the prisoners, reality is only the mere shadows thrown onto the wall. Another vision is releasing a prisoner from his chains, how his movements are difficult, his eye adjustment painful and suggestions of the effects of returning to the cave. The Cave suggests to us that Plato saw most of humanity living in â€Å"the cave†, in the dark, and that the vision of knowledge and the â€Å"conversion† to that knowledge was salvation from darkness. He put it this way, â€Å"the conversion of the soul is not to put the power of sight in the soul’s eye, which already has it, but to insure that, insisted of looking in the wrong direction it is turned the way it ought to be.† Plato’s two worlds: the dark, the cave, and the bright were his way of rejecting the Sophists, who found â€Å"true knowledge† impossible because of constant change. Plato believed there was a â€Å" true Idea of Justice†. The Cave showed us this quite dramatically. The Divided Line visualizes the levels of knowledge in a more systematic way. Plato states there are four stages of knowledge development: Imagining, Belief, Thinking, and Perfect Intelligence. Imagining is at the lowest level of this developmental ladder. Imagining, here in Plato’s world, is not taken at its conventional level but of appearances seen as â€Å"tru e re... Free Essays on Plato The Greek philosopher Plato (428-347 BC) was among the most important and creative thinkers of the ancient world. His work set forth most of the important problems and concepts of Western philosophy, psychology, logic, and politics, and his influence has remained profound from ancient to modern times. Plato was born in Athens in 428 BC. Both his parents were of distinguished Athenian families, and his stepfather, an associate of Pericles, was an active participant in the political and cultural life of Periclean Athens. Plato seems as a young man to have been destined for an aristocratic political career. The excesses of Athenian political life, however, both under the oligarchical rule of the so-called Thirty Tyrants and under the restored democracy, seem to have led him to give up these ambitions. In particular, the execution of Socrates had a profound effect on his plans. The older philosopher was a close friend of Plato's family, and Plato's writings attest to Socrates' great infl uence on him. After Socrates' death Plato retired from active Athenian life and traveled widely for a number of years. In 388 BC he journeyed to Italy and Sicily, where he became the friend of Dionysius the Elder, ruler of Syracuse, and his brother-in-law Dion. The following year he returned to Athens, where he founded the Academy, an institution devoted to research and instruction in philosophy and the sciences. Most of his life thereafter was spent in teaching and guiding the activities of the Academy. When Dionysius died, Dion invited Plato to return to Syracuse to undertake the philosophical education of the new ruler, Dionysius the Younger. Plato went, perhaps with the hope of founding the rule of a philosopher-king as envisioned in his work the Republic. The visit, however, ended in failure. In 361, Plato went to Syracuse again. This visit proved even more disastrous, and he returned to the Academy. Plato died in 347 BC. Plato's published writings, of ... Free Essays on Plato Socrates' ideal city is described through Plato in his work The Republic, some questions pondered through the text could be; How is this an "ideal" city formed, and is justice in the city relative to that of the human soul? I believe Socrates found the true meaning of justice in the larger atmosphere of the city and applied that concept to the human soul. Socrates describes his idea of an "ideal city" as one that has all the necessary parts to function and to show that justice is truly the harmony between the three stages of the city and soul in the human body. Plato introduces the idea of the happiness. Socrates says, "†¦in establishing our city, we aren’t aiming to make any one group outstanding happy but to make the whole city so, as far as possible " (Plato 420b). I agree that in order to examine one thing that is difficult to comprehend, it is wise to look on a larger scale. In this case, Socrates had to examine the difference of a whole city and other concepts of ci ties in order to determine justice in the world and inner soul. In order to develop the perfect city Socrates had to develop the other ideas that contribute to the "ideal city", the City of Need, and the City of Luxury in order to develop the Perfect City. I believe Socrates in-depth discovery process for the perfect city is a great philosophical look into the idea of justice. Socrates brought up a subject many men at that time would never have thought about and Plato believed that the idea of justice was worthy of writing a literary work to pass his philosophy on to future generations. Since the crucial elements of justice may be easier to observe on the larger scale like a city than on one individual. The focus for Socrates is a perfect city, because the city will represent human soul, Socrates says; "we'll go on to consider it in the individuals, considering the likeness of the bigger in the idea of the littler?"(Plato 369a). Plato's "ideal city" is really the sea... Free Essays on Plato Plato and Aristotle, 4th century philosophers, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphael's "School of Athens" , in which Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; as Aristotle points down emphasizing his leanings toward the 'second philosophy' of the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidental that Plato states in "The Republic" that Philosopher Rulers who possess knowledge of the good should be the governors in a city state. His strong interest in metaphysics is demonstrated in The Republic various times: for example, the similes of the cave, the sun, and the line, and his theory of the forms. Because he is so involved in metaphysics, his views on politics are more theoretical as opposed to actual. Aristotle, contrarily, holds the view that politics is the art of ruling and being ruled in turn. In "The Politics", he attempts to outline a way of governing that would be ideal for an actual state. Balance is a key term in discussing Aristotle because he believes that balance is the necessary element to creating a stable government. His less-metaphysical approach to politics suggests that Aristotle could be in tune with the modern world, although millennia removed from it. Plato's concept of what politics and government should be is a direct result of his belief in the theory of forms. The theory of forms basically states that there is a higher "form" for everything that exists in the world. Each material thing is simply a representation of the real thing which is the form. According to Plato, most people cannot see the forms, they only see their representation or their shadows, as in the simile of the cave. Only those who love knowledge and contemplate on the reality of things will achieve understanding of the forms. Philosophers, who by definition are knowledge lovers, ar...

10 Phosphorus Facts (P or Atomic Number 15)

10 Phosphorus Facts (P or Atomic Number 15)   Phosphorus is element 15 on the periodic table, with the element symbol P. Because it is so chemically reactive, phosphorus is never found free in nature, yet you encounter this element in compounds and in your body. Here are 10 interesting facts about phosphorus: Fast Facts: Phosphorus Element Name: PhosphorusElement Symbol: PAtomic Number: 15Classification: Group 15; Pnictogen; NonmetalAppearance: Appearance depends on the allotrope. Phosphorus is a solid at room temperature. It may be white, yellow, red, violet, or black.Electron Configuration:  [Ne] 3s2  3p3Discovery: Recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier (1777), but officially discovered by Hennig Brand (1669). Interesting Phosphorus Facts Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand in Germany. Brand isolated phosphorus from urine. The discovery made Brand the first person to discover a new element. Other elements such as gold and iron were known before that, but no specific person found them.Brand called the new element cold fire because it glowed in the dark. The name of the element comes from the Greek word phosphoros, which means bringer of light. The form of phosphorus Brand discovered was white phosphorus, which reacts with oxygen in air to produce a green-white light. Although you might think the glow would be phosphorescence, phosphorus is chemiluminescent and not phosphorescent. Only the white allotrope or form of phosphorus glows in the dark.Some texts refer to phosphorus as the Devils Element because of its eerie glow, tendency to burst into flame, and because it was the 13th known element.Like other nonmetals, pure phosphorus assumes markedly different forms. There are at least five phosphorus allotro pes. In addition to white phosphorus, there is red, violet, and black phosphorus. Under ordinary conditions, red and white phosphorus are the most common forms. While the properties of phosphorus depend on the allotrope, they share common nonmetallic characteristics. Phosphorus is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, except black phosphorus. All types of phosphorus are solid at room temperature. The white form (sometimes called yellow phosphorus) resembles wax, the red and violet forms are noncrystalline solids, while the black allotrope resembles graphite in pencil lead. The pure element is reactive, so much so that the white form will ignite spontaneously in air. Phosphorus typically has an oxidation state of 3 or 5.Phosphorus is essential to living organisms. There are about 750 grams of phosphorus in the average adult. In the human body, its found in DNA, bones, and as an ion used for muscle contraction and nerve conduction. Pure phosphorus, however, can be deadly. White phosphorus, in particular, is associated with negative health effects. When matches were made using white phosphorus, a disease known as phossy jaw caused disfigura tion and death. Contact with white phosphorus can cause chemical burns. Red phosphorus is a safer alternative and is considered non-toxic. Natural phosphorus consists of one stable isotope, phosphorus-31. At least 23 isotopes of the element are known.The primary use of phosphorus is for fertilizer production. The element is also used in flares, safety matches, light-emitting diodes, and steel production. Phosphates are used in some detergents. Red phosphorus is also one of the chemicals used in illegal production of methamphetamines.According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, phosphorus may have been brought to Earth by meteorites. The release of phosphorus compounds seen early in Earths history (yet not today) contributed to the conditions needed for the origin of life. Phosphorus is abundant in the Earths crust at a concentration of about 1050 parts per million, by weight.While its certainly possible to isolate phosphorus from urine or bone, today the element is isolated from phosphate-bearing minerals. Phosphorus is obtained from calcium phosphate by heating the rock in a furnace to yield tetraphosphorus vapor. The vapor is condensed into phosphorus under water to prevent ignition. Sources Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Ed.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.Hammond, C. R. (2000).  The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press.​Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.

Contract Safety Improvements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contract Safety Improvements - Essay Example At some point we have been forced to take loans so as not just to maximize on the level of income earned but also, to ensure we do not disappoint our consumers (who are found all over the world) by proving sub-standard services contrary to the high expectations they having. Additional paperwork Unlike in the case of other businesses, it is quite tasking at Exelis due to extra paperwork which is actually brought forth by; proper handling of tax return files, bank account records, auditor’s reports, report creation, detailed books and finally, taking minutes during the frequent meetings. It is important to note that these two challenges are not as severe as the safety challenge facing the company at present. Accidents are becoming a threat to the contracts signed by Exilis. ITT Exelis reported that it had been given a U.S Army contract to go on with maintenance support and providing IT technology operations in the U.S Army in the Middle Eastern countries, specifically SouthWest and Central Asia. The Company signed this contract which had a potential value of $790 million including all options exercised. However, an accident happened while the company equipments were being shipped to the destination. An increase in accidents could possibly cost the company one of its Middle Eastern government contracts One of the latest and most hectic or rather breath-taking challenges I have never encountered since I started working at Exelis is the one pertaining the latest ship accident in the Indian Ocean while transporting electronic warfare. It has been the newspaper cover story for a whole week now. Exelis Incorporated successfully finished producing release systems as well as launchers and was now doing the delivery when the ship sunk. The sinking of the ship has remained a mystery, since for 7 days since the incidence occurred; the cause of the same has not yet been ascertained. The intensity of the worry of Exelis is increasing each passing minute, since the rema ining period of time is too short to make the transportation of the equipments a success, even if the ship was found this minute. This therefore means the contract may be terminated and also, the partnering of Kuwait in the military weaponry production and the electronic attack and supply systems sector, which will perhaps just remain a dream. Kuwait had started showing interest of partnering with Exelis in the industry by serving as vehicle fuel suppliers for Exelis for a very subsidized cost. Alternative solutions to increased accidents in Exelis Inc Increase safety awareness with weekly safety stand downs This is a selected time for the CEO, senior managers, and other executive managers to discuss about safety issues in a direct way with frontline workers. The move can be achieved by setting up goals to be achieved every week to combat the increasing accident reports in the company (LeBoeuf, 1985). For instance, in every first week, the goal may be for managers, supervisors, and crews to spot out hazards associated with the tasks of employees, establish their risks, in this context the risk of losing contracts in the Middle East, and come up with possible solutions. Procedures and methods to complete the work of employees should be identified, and determine the obstacles that may hinder the crews from solution

Management in Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management in Context - Essay Example Even though modern management experts opine that power must not be used as a beating stick to belittle subordinates, they also opine that the feeling that the manager does not want to use the power vested in him or her reduces the scope of the role of the manager within an organisation. Almost all schools of management stress the need for silent power, the kind of power that is felt but never seen explicitly within the organisation. The extent of power as a motivating force as well as a tool to enhance productivity will be discussed in this paper. Power can be manifested within a person as traits. Some people have inherent power in their characters while others seek external objects to display power. In the context of the behaviour of managers, their display of power may be according to certain theories. Many philosophers consider power as a trait. Some people are said to have more powers while others do not have an appearance that exudes power. It follows that some people, even if they are in the lower rung of the management hierarchy, exhibit more personal power than those who may adorn higher positions in the organisation. Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics, which is based on pure observation and interpretation of the ways that the environment and human beings interact, essentially puts that the display of emotion may be related to power or the notion of power. Adapting it to an organisation, we can derive that emotional outbursts control how power is displayed in an organisation. According to Aristotle, vices and virtues are determined by the response that one gives to a particular emotion. For example in response to fear, a person may develop excessive courage, which in the long run may be interpreted as haughtiness and arrogance, a serious issue that confronts managers and subordi nates. For example, a subordinate who is belittled for a long time may develop courage to speak against the management

Black Death and the Witch Hunts

Black Death and the Witch Hunts Mohammad Aldousari The Black Death which was caused by the great famine that hit Europe was the cause of the rapid change in the demography of the continent, A turning point in the course of the medieval struggles was the Black Death, which killed on an average, between 30 and 40, of the European population (Federici, 2004). The death toll was further accelerated by the fact that the malnutrition caused by the famine compromised the resistance of the people against diseases (Federici, 2004). As the death mainly affected the peasants who provided labor in the lands of the nobility, their competence in work reduced due to the eventual possibility of facing death. The scarcity of labor that followed the Black Death consequently raised the wages of the peasants and gradually the living conditions (Federici, 2004). With the improved conditions for the peasants, they revolted against the rule of the nobility which was successful in most of the countries. The political class turned the peasants against themse lves as a counter-revolution method by allowing the men to degrade the peasant women, a condition that set grounds for witch hunts.0 Before the Black Death, the role of women in the society was mainly doing reproductive work. The society was organized in a patriarchal manner, and most of the productive work was done by the males in the society (Federici, 2004). The work that was left for the women was mainly doing housework in their masters house and others duties such as spinning wool (Federici, 2004). The work done by the women was wage less and was viewed as a social service to the society. However, their most important role in the society was giving birth. By their virtual act of giving birth, they provided children who would ensure the continuity of the society. The process of giving birth was also seen as the process by which labor was produced by giving rise to individuals who would work in the lands of the nobility and as soldiers in the army. After the Black Death, the role of women in the society changed and completely took a new turn. With the people increasingly moving to the city, some of the women were left as single mothers to fend for their families (Federici, 2004). The fact that the single women with families needed to provide for their families coupled with the scarcity of labor at present, allowed the women to access paying jobs due to the reduction of the gender division. The women were, therefore, able to accumulate wealth in contrast to the previous situation before the Black Death (Federici, 2004). The avenues through which women acquired wealth were further broadened by the legalization of prostitution in the European countries as a measure to combat acts of homosexuality that proved to be a threat to the procreation process (Federici, 2004). For the women, the acquired status was good and even worth defending. The witch hunts were beginning by the political classes that ruled Europe after the aftermath of the Black Death (Federici, 2004). The devastating effects that the epidemic had caused to the economy of the continent necessitated the political classes to take matters that dealt with population growth and reproduction into their hands. The reason for the control of the reproduction process was an as a result of the labor crisis that ensued with the event of the Black Death (Federici, 2004). Therefore, the reproductive crimes that came in the way of population growth were heavily punished. Witches were, therefore, punished as they were thought to prevent to population growth by sacrificing children to the devil, a belief that spearheaded the witch hunts. Furthermore, witches were seen to have the ability to cause harm to individuals, and the hunts were also a protective mechanism. References Federici, S. (2004). Caliban and the Witch. New York,NY: Autonomedia.

Country : Czech Republic

It is very important for any student of history and politics of nations to have a deep grasp and understanding of the political, historical, social, economic and structural revolution of nations. This is very important for them to be able to produce an accurate analysis and recommendation of policies. No one will be able come up to an accurate analysis without tracing the history of a particular nation. No two nations are entirely similar.This is why it is necessary for us to study each nation separately to be able to come up with a scholarly and viable set of analysis and recommendation. In this paper, I am are going to review and analyze the Czech Republic. I am going to provide some of the most important and basic information about the Czech Republic including its political framework, ideological status, government arrangement, civic socialization, current issues and other important facts that will be useful for any student of political science in the production of analysis and re commendations for the said country.Constitution The current constitution of the Czech Republic which was ratified in December 16, 1992 and became effective in January 1, 1993 is a consequence of the inability of the former Czech and Slovakia to arrive to document that will be able to come up to a structure and framework that will be able to adopt the inputs of the two republics. As a result, the Czech-Slovak federation was dissolved and decided to go on their own ways (Country Review 34). IdeologyAs a former communist country that is under the sphere of the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic experienced first hand the disadvantages of the said system. As the Soviet collapsed and lose the hold to the Czechs, the republic adopted a western style of governance with democracy and liberalism as the most important foundations in the structure and arrangement of the government and its economy. Government Model and Currency The Czech Republic is democratic state with a parliamentary governmen t.It is governed by the Constitution of the Czech Republic and the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms that had been around since 1993. It is one of the most well developed post- Communist state up to date. A former centrally planned economy modeled from the USSR, the Czech Republic today is a thriving market economy that is open and taking advantage of the investments that came from foreign investors. The republic is now a member of the European Union. However, its currency remains to be Czech koruna despite its advantageous position by shifting to Euro.(Central Intelligence Agency) Political System, Political Parties, Party Structures There are numerous political parties or political clubs in the Czech Republic. They consist of the major and minor players in the houses. The major groups are Civic Democratic Party Parliamentary Club which is a center-right and euroskeptic party and Czech Social Democratic Party Parliamentary Club which is characterized by its major inclinati on to the left side of the spectrum.Some of the minor players are the Bohemia and Moravia Communist Party Parliamentary Club which is also a extreme left party and a product of the former communist party in the republic, Christian and Democratic Union which is a conservative and Christian party and a part of the government coalition, the Green Party Parliamentary Club is a centrist party whose majority of the support came from major cites like Prague, the capital of the republic. (Kabelova, House of Parliaments) Electoral Process As a parliamentary, the civic population will elect their representatives that will hold the office in the Chamber of Senate and Senate.The suffrage in the Czech Republic is 18 years old. These public elected officials will elect the head of the government from their ranks for the next five years by absolute majority vote. (Country Review 35-37) Executive Branch The head or the leader of the executive branch of the Czech Republic is called president. The cu rrent president of the Czech Republic is President Vaclav Klaus which was elected and came in to power in March 7, 2003. The president is elected by the Parliament and is legible to hold the office for five years.The president is also allowed to govern for two terms. Vaclav Claus was reelected in February 15, 2008 and scheduled to govern until 2013 (CIA World Fact Book). Vaclav Claus was a member and the founder of Civic Democratic Party, a center-right party in the Czech Republic and is known for his euroskepticism (i. e. skepticism to the structure and policies of the integration of Europe by the European Union). (Country Review 16-17) Legislative Branch The highest law making body in the Czech Republic is known as the Parliament of the Czech Republic.It is composed of two separate houses namely the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Senate is comprised with 81 seats that are elected by the citizens of the republic. They are to hold the office for six years. On the other hand , the Chamber of Deputies is comprised of 200 seats that are elected to serve for four years. Both of the legislative houses possess the power to initiate the formulation and legislation of laws. They are also tasked to elect the president by a vote characterized with absolute majority for the two chambers.They can also passed a motion or vote of no-confidence to the government with an absolute majority votes that will derail the power to the elected government and shall make room for a new election. (Country Review 35-36) Judicial Branch The Judicial branch of government in the Czech Republic is composed of a Constitutional Court, a Supreme Court, a Supreme Administrative Court, high, regional and district courts. The president is tasked to appoint 15 judges of the CC that will hold the office for 10 years. (Kabelova, Courts of Law)Political Socialization and Political Participation In terms of its native citizens, the Czech Republic had managed to retained the former wide practice of civilian accessibility to the government. There is an open door policy in the different offices of government wherein citizens can talk to officials first hand. Town meetings are also common wherein citizens conduct scheduled meetings with their head of municipalities and cities once in a while. (Migration Policy Index) Recent Issues High level of corruption in the government offices in the Czech Republic poses a major concern.There are many surveys that conclude the that the public does not trust the officials in the government including many political parties. One agency even released a report that only 18 percent of the population trust the government officials and the political parties. Other studies tackles the continuous decrease of government effectiveness since the mid 1990s. Despite the numerous claims and allegations of corruption in the government, there is no conviction of high level officials for committing corruption. (US. Department of State)With this problem, the government must establish an independent body that will put the suspects to trials. The body should possess the capability to convict the suspects to prison or other punishments. Also, the body should be structurally and legally arranged to be immune as much as possible to the influence of the outside influences. On the other hand, the migrants in the Czech Republic are experiencing unfair treatment in relation to its native counter parts. There is no effective electoral rights for the migrants in the Czech Republic. Their political liberties are limited.The migrants are only consulted through a representative who was appointed by the government. Migrants cannot form their own association unless there is a considerable number of Czech natives. No foreigners, including EU citizens can join Czech political parties. (Migration Policy Index) There is also a growing concern in relation to the discrimination of women on the Czech Republic. Under the law, men and women are regarded as equ al in all aspects including family law, property law and the judicial system. Women in the Czech Republic can be found more often in the lower median salary.Women's salary in the republic is less than 25 percent when compared to their men counterparts. Women are more likely to be unemployed when compared to men. Lastly, there is only a small population of women who were given senior positions in the government and in the corporate world. (US. Department of State) As a member of the European Union, the EU must increased its awareness on the rampant inequality in the Czech Republic. It must exercise its administrative and economic edge to convince the government to adopt a more migrants/foreigner friendy policies.Unless there is no pressure from the outside, we cannot expect any changes to be adopted by the Czech government. Evaluation No one can deny the development of the Czech Republic after its shift to a liberal democratic system. However, despite this achievements, we cannot als o take for granted the shortfalls and limitation of the government in many important aspects – those I stated above. Most of this problems can be rooted to the Czech Republic's communist past that can be still engraved in some parts of the population. After all, a single generation only had passed since the shift of the Czech Republic from a communist structure.In this sense, we conclude that the achievements and developments that had been achieved by the Czech Republic cannot be undermined with its shortfalls. As it always stated, changes is impossible overnight. In many cases, for these problems and limitation to be corrected, time and effort is needed. As long as the officials and the citizens of the Czech Republic take in mind their problems and limitation, we can expect a more developed Czech Republic, not only in economic conditions but also on to its social, political and structural conditions. ConclusionIn this paper, we had discussed the different important aspects a nd information of the Czech Republic ranging from its political, economical and structural conditions. With these information in hand, we had been able to address the issues and problems in the republic. With the factual information and scholarly assessment that we had gathered, we had been able to come up to recommendations that are more likely to work due to its reliance to factual information. Once again, we had improved the importance of the knowledge and understanding of a specific country for us to come up to a viable and accurate analysis and recommendations.Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Czech Republic. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. Country Watch. Country Review: Czech Republic. Country Watch. 2010. Web. Accessed. 23 May 2010. Kabelova, Andrea. Czech Republic Political System. Legislative, executive and judicial power in the Czech Republic. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. Migration Policy Index. Czech Republic – Political participatio n. Strategic thinking on equality and mobility. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. U. S. Department of State. Czech Republic: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U. S. Department of State. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010.

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Hrm Practice in Banking Sector Free Essays

string(76) " of the study There is no doubt that the world of work is rapidly changing\." [pic] Faculty of Business BBA Program A Thesis on Human Resource Management Practices in Banking Sector: On Southeast Bank Limited Submitted to Md. Ashraful Haq Chowdhury ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB) Submitted By Mir Tasnuva Tanzin BBA (Major in HRM), Batch #2nd ID: 073-12-0137 Date of Submission August 20, 2011 Submission Report Dear Sir, With due respect I would like to inform you that I have successfully completed my Thesis Program from May 15, 2011 to August 15, 2011 at Southeast Bank Limited and conducted the study on â€Å"Human Resource Management Practice in Banking Sector† A case Study on Southeast Bank Ltd. Thesis Program works as a bridge between the academic and the practical knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Practice in Banking Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am very much fortunate that I got the opportunity to work with some experienced and devoted professionals. As recommended my work is based on the functional procedure of different desks and different departments of the Bank. I tried my best to put meticulous effort for the preparation of this report. Any shortcoming or flaw may arise. I will welcome any clarification and suggestion regarding this report. Sincerely Yours, Mir Tasnuva Tanzin ID 073-12-0137 Batch #2nd Student of BBA ASA University Bangladesh August 20, 2011 Md. Ashraful Haq Chowdhury ASA University Bangladesh. Reference : Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, Here is the report that fulfills the partial requirements of Thesis program, which is very helpful for a student to know the activities of an organization. This kind of report also gives an important guideline to do research in the future. Thank you very much for your kind supervision and cooperation without which I could not be able to complete this report. I take every opportunity to express my gratitude to you. Thanking you Mir Tasnuva Tanzin ID 073-12-0137 Batch #2nd Student of BBA ASA University Bangladesh Acknowledgement All commendations go to Almighty Allah, the most merciful, most benevolent to man and his action. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. M. A Mohit the Deputy Managing Director (DMD) of Southeast Bank Ltd. for giving an opportunity to work on the topic as student. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Md. Hamidul Islam Mia HOB of Dhanmondi Br. And HRD of Southeast Bank Ltd. for providing excellent working environment and his full time assistance in preparing this report. I extend my thanks to Mr. Saidul Islam, Mr. Reza, and Mr. Humayon of Southeast Bank Ltd. Dhanmondi Br. Who have their well hearted cooperation and valuable time in completing this report I am also grateful to all the employees of Southeast Bank Ltd. Of Dahnmondi Branch as they helped me out in explaining the work practice and accompanied me through my research period. Finally, my thanks to ASA University (ASAUB) authority for sincere ooperation and all the faculty members whose integrated effort made me capable of conducting this Thesis. Executive Summery This report is an effort to reflect a clear idea about the Bunker-Customers Relationship, strategies, activities and performance of Southeast Bank Ltd. The researcher was assigned it in the Dhanmondi Branch of Southeast Bank Limited (SEBL) as an intern. The researche r presents this report on the basis of the knowledge and experience gained during the research period. The research report is a partial fulfillment of BBA program. In the report on HRM practices in banking sector: A case study on Southeast Bank Ltd. the overall role of HR managers in a bank and how they play their role is presented. Human resource managers perform an identifiable set of activities that affect and influence the people who work in an organization. These activities include HR planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, designing performance assessment and compensation systems, and labor relation Since, the HR department plays a support role within the organization; it interacts with a variety of constituencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS |Page# | |Prefatory parts | | |Title Fly | | |Title Page | | |Later of Submission | | |Acknowledgement | | |Executive Summery | | |Table of Content | | | | | |Report proper | | |Chapter One- Introduction | | |1. 1 Background of the study | | |1. 2 Objective of the report | | |1. Methodology of the report | | |1. 4 Scope of the report | | |1. 5 Limitation of the repo rt | | |Chapter Tow – Overview | | |2. 1 Historical Background of Southeast Bank Ltd. | | |2. 2 Special Features of the Bank | | |2. Board of Directors | | |2. 4 Management of the Bank | | |2. 5 Capital Structure of the Bank | | |2. 6 Deposits Status of the Bank | | |2. 7 Profit and operational results | | |2. 8 Selection Process | | |2. Mission, Vision and Objective of SEBL | | |Chapter Three – Understanding the HRM | | |3. 1 General Concept of HRM | | |3. 2 Objectives of HRM | | |3. 3 Basic Principles of HRM | | |3. Approach of HRM | | |3. 5 Philosophy of HRM | | |3. 6 Standard Organ gram of HR Department in a large organization | | |3. 7 Responsibilities of HR Department in a large organization | | |Chapter Four – HR Planning Forecasting | | |4. Concept of HR planning forecasting | | |4. 2 Steps of HR planning | | |4. 3 HR planning and the strategic planning process | | |4. 4 Forecasting HR needs | | |4. 5 Forecasting the Internal HR Supply | | |4. Forecast ing the External HR Supply | | |Chapter Five – Recruiting Selection | | |5. 1 Concept of Recruiting Selection | | |5. 2 The Recruiting and Selection Process | | |5. 3 Job Analysis | | |5. Job Analysis Methods | | |5. 5 Steps in job Analysis | | |5. 6 A Comparative Discussion between Job Analysis, Job Description, Job Specification, and Job Evaluations. | | |5. 7 Sources of equipment | | |5. 6 Internal sources | | |5. 7 External sources | | |5. 8 Methods of recruitment | | |5. Advantages disadvantages of internal recruitment | | |5. 10 Advantage Disadvantage of external recruiting | | |Chapter Six – Training Development | | |6. 1 Concept of Training Development | | |6. 2 Need and important of training | | |6. Objectives of Training | | |6. 4 Guidelines and Framework to Design a Training and Development Plan | | |6. 5 Training method | | |Chapter Seven – Compensation Employee Benefits | | |7. 1 Concept of Compensation Employee Benefits | | |7. Components o f the compensation system | | |7. 3 Wages vs. Salary | | |7. 4 Establishing Pay rates | | |7. 5 Importance of Job Evaluation | | |7. 6 Types of Employee Benefits | | |7. Employees Benefit Programs initiated by HRM | | |7. 8. Employee Services | | |7. 9 Incentive Plans | | |Chapter Eight – Employee Relationship | | |8. 1 The Meaning of Ethics | | |8. 2 Organizational culture | | |8. Employee Discipline and Privacy | | |8. 4 Types of Disciplinary Actions | | |8. 5 Disciplinary Proceeding | | |8. 6 Disciplinary Appeals Processes | | |8. 7 Disciplines without Punishment | | |8. Managing Dismissals | | |8. 9 Grounds for Dismissal | | |Chapter Nine | | |Conclusion | | |Bibliography | | Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the study There is no doubt that the world of work is rapidly changing. You read "Hrm Practice in Banking Sector" in category "Essay examples" As part of an organization then, HRM must be prepared to deal with the effects of the changing world of work. For them, this means understanding the implications of globalization, technology changes, workforce diversity, changing skill requirements, continuous improvement initiatives, contingent workforce, decentralized work sites and employee involvement. We should look how this change is affecting HRM goals and practices. The current challenge of HRM is to integrate programs involving human resources with strategic organizational objectives. More and more, organizations are under tremendous competitive pressure worldwide. HR managers must find ways to develop effective programs to meet this challenge. Another important aspect of HRM is the need to ensure cost effectiveness of programs and policies through the optimal utilization of human resources. 1. 2 Objective of the report The broad objective of the report is to co-ordinate classroom knowledge with practical situation. Specific objectives of the report are: ? To fulfill the course requirement of MBA program; ? To acquire practical knowledge about HRM practices in banking sector’ ? To have practical exposure in banking environment that will help a lot of to understand the future work life; ? To analyze HRM practices in Southeast Bank Limited with classroom (theoretical) knowledge; ? To recommend for improvement of existing HR policy of Southeast Bank Limited. 1. 3 Methodology of the report Methodology includes direct observation, face-to-face discussion with respective executive of the bank, study of files, circulars etc. and practical work. In preparing this report, only secondary data have been used. The required data have been collected from following sources- ? Employees service book of the bank; ? Annual report of the bank; ? Different publications regarding banking function; ? Reference books from library of Stamford University Bangladesh. 1. 4 Scope of the report This report covers only human resource practices is Southeast Bank Limited. It focuses on overview of the bank including a comparative study about standard theoretical aspect of HRM and the existing banking practices. The report also investigates the perceptions of employees of the bank toward employee benefits and development policy. 1. 5 Limitation of the report In spite of hearted cooperation from the bank officials, I faced some limitation in preparation the report. The major limitations are as follows: Learning of overall HRM practices in banking sector within just three months was really tough. Another limitation of this report is bank bank’s policy of not disclosing some data and information for obvious reason, which could be very much useful. Chapter 2 An Overview of Southeast Bank Ltd. 2. 1 Historical Background of Southeast Bank Ltd. Southeast Bank Limited is a scheduled Bank under private sector established under the ambit of bank Company Act, 1991 and incorporated as a Public Limited Company under Companies Act, 1994 on March 12, 1995. The Bank started commercial banking operations effective from May 25, 1995. During this short span of time the Bank had been successful to position itself as a progressive and dynamic financial institution in the country. The Bank had been widely acclaimed by the business community, from small entrepreneur to large traders and industrial conglomerates, including the top rated corporate borrowers for forward-looking business outlook and innovative financing solutions. Thus within this very short period of time it has been able to create a image for itself and has earned significant reputation in the country’s banking sector as a Bank with vision. It has been growing faster as one of the leaders of the new generation banks in the private sector in respect of business and profitability as it is evident from the financial statements for the last 4 years. The Company Philosophy – â€Å"A Bank with Vision† has been preciously the essence of the legend of bank’s success. 2. 2 Special Features of the Bank a) It has been performing conventional commercial banking activity and striving to introduce Islamic Banking functions. ) It is the pioneer in introducing and launching different customer friendly deposit schemes to tap the savings of the people for channeling the same to the productive sectors of the economy. c) For uplifting the standard of living of the limited income group of the population the Bank has introduced Consume r Credit Schemes by providing financial assistance in the form of loan to the consumers for procuring household durables, which have had encouraging responses. d) The Bank is committed to continuous research and development so as to keep pace with modern banking. e) The operations of the Bank are fully computerized so as to ensure quick, prompt flawless and services to the customers. 2. 3 Profile Southeast Bank Limited was established in 1995 with a dream and a vision to become a pioneer banking institution of the country and contribute significantly to the growth of the national economy. The Bank was established by leading business personalities and eminent industrialists of the country with stakes in various segments of the national economy. The incumbent Chairman of the Bank is Mr. Alamgir Kabir, FCA, a professional Chartered Accountant. Mr. M. A. Kashem a member of the Board and Mr. Yussuf Abdullah Harun were past Presidents of the Federation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI). Southeast Bank is run by a team of efficient professionals. They create and generate an environment of trust and discipline that encourages and motivates everyone in the Bank to work together for achieving the objectives of the Bank. The culture of maintaining congenial work – environment in the Bank has further enabled the staff to benchmark themselves better against management expectations. A commitment to quality and excellence in service is the hallmark of their identity. 2. 4 Board of Directors In SEBL the board of directors has been conceived as the sources of all power headed by its chairman. It is legislative body of the bank board can delegate its power and authority to professionals, but can not delegate, relinquish or avoid their responsibilities. The board of directors of the bank consists of 13 members who are reputed business personalities and leading industrialists of the country. 2. 5 Management of the Bank The management team headed by the CEO, Shah Md. Nurul Alam, the President and Managing Director has to take full loan of carrying out the guidelines, rules and regulations and directions given by the board from time to time and provide all the vital information to the BOD for their knowledge and effective decision making. A graphical representation of the hierarchy of the bank is in point. 2. 6 Capital Structure of the Bank The Authorized Capital of the Bank remains unchanged at Tk. 500. 00 million. The Bank went public and floated shares of Tk. 150 million in December of the previous year which was fully subscribed, thereby raising the issued and paid-up Capital to Tk. 330 million. With the increase of paid up capital, the capital base of the Bank has become stronger. 2. 7 Deposits Status of the Bank The Bank mobilized a total deposit of Tk. 38,258. 15 million as on December 31, 2005 as against Tk. 27, 930. 8 million as on December 31, 2004 showing an increase of 30%. The combination of competitive interest rates that offered sustained deposit raising efforts of the Bank and confidence reposed by customers in the Bank resulted in this growth of deposits. Steps are being taken to further increase the deposit base continuously at a Reduced average cost of funds. 2. 8 Profit and operational results The operating profit of the Bank increased to Tk. 665. 16 million in 2003 compared to Tk. 492. 56 million in 2002 recording an appreciable increase which was due to prudent lending and optimum management of funds. The Bank participated in the primary and secondary stock markets and made considerable capital gains during the year. Notwithstanding the tough and cutting edge competitiveness prevailing in the market, the business of this Bank has expanded substantially compared to that of the previous year. This year the management team as well as the workforce is confidently poised to take on newer challenges with a view to reach the ambitious level of performance in respect of accomplishment of the total business activities including attainment of higher profitability of the Bank. 2. 9 Selection Process Southeast Bank Ltd recruits employees on the basis of newspaper circulation by online e-application on Southeast Bank Limited’s web site. At the e-application section candidates are obligatory to drop their CV on the foundation of Southeast Bank Limited’s vacancy precedence candidates are required to follow their selection procedure as follows: Step 1: Completed application: The application form is given in the online and completely filled applications are carried forward for the preliminary test (employment test). Step 2: Employment test: The Human Resource department mails the admit card to the applicants who have completed the online application successfully via post card. The questionnaire of the test is based on mathematics, English and the respective job questions. It is usually held on 100 marks. The employment test typically holds in any government major educational center. Such as teachers training college of Dhaka, etc. Step 3: Comprehensive interview The applicants passed in the employment written test are called by the bank. They are mailed an invitation for the viva-voce for their post. The applicants have to bring their original educational certificates for producing the same before the interview committee. The certificates are tested here with the application form information. And if any disparity is found the applicant is not allowed confront the interview committee. The passed applicants are given conditional job offer. For permanent job offer they have to pass background examination medical test steps. Step 4: Background examination: The Human Resource Department scrutinizes the background of the applicant and tries to find out all ins and outs of the respective applicant. The applicants are kept unknown about the background enquiry source. Step 5: Medical test: The applicants are to go for a medical check-up to the authorized medical center Southeast Bank Ltd. Southeast Bank Limited does not carry the medical fees. It is to be carried by the applicant himself. The test report directly goes to the Human Resource Department and the applicants are not permitted to see it. Step 6: Permanent job offer If the 6th, Background examination, and the 7th Medical test, steps are passed successfully, Human Resource Department of Southeast Bank Limited sends an ‘Appointment as Probationary Officer’ letter. At the amalgamation day, the applicants are bound to sign up a ‘Letter of Undertaking’ for five years continuous service to the bank from the date of confirmation. If he leaves before completion of 5 years confirmed service or during the probation period he will have t refund to the bank 50% of total salary and allowances drawn to him 2. 9 MISSION, VISION AND OBJECTIVES OF SEBL Mission The mission of the bank is to become a highly competitive modern and transparent institution comparable to any of this kind at home and abroad. High quality financial services with state of the art technology. ? Fast customer service. ? Sustainable growth strategy. ? Follow ethical standards in business. ? Steady return on shareholders, equity. ? Innovative banking at a competitive price. ? Attract and retain quality human resource. Commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility. Vision A Bank with Vision is the motto of Southeast Bank Limited. The vision is to be the most efficient financial intermediary in the country through reducing the investment and savings gap of the economy by savings mobilizations and encourage the pace of industrialization. The relentles s journey to achieve that vision started in 1995, since the very inception of the Bank. The journey still continues and will never stop. SBL sets a high standard for itself and every achievement of the bank is a striving agent to reach a new height. Objectives Whether in treasury, consumer, or corporate banking, SBL is committed to provide the best. Meeting the demand of discerning customers is not the sole objective. The Bank believes that to provide standard financial services is to deliver a quality that makes every transaction a pleasurable experience. The bank also believes that Customer is always right and in the core of everything. So providing them friendly and personalized service, tailor-made solutions for business needs, global reach in trade and commerce at the doorsteps and high yield on investments are the core objectives of the bank. But the bank also tries to do the best in conjunction with achieving the ultimate objective of a business organization – Wealth Maximization. Chapter 3 Understanding the HRM 3. 1 General Concept of HRM HRM deals with the design of formal system in an organization to ensure effective and efficiency use of human talents to accomplish organizational goals. Human Resource Management (HRM) is to refer to the philosophy, policies, procedures and practices related to the management of people within an organization. Hr management functions through which manager recruit, select, train and develop organization members. HRM is the systematic planning, development and control of network of interrelated processes affecting and involving all members of an organization. These processes include- ? HR planning forecasting Job work design ? Staffing/ recruitment selection ? Training development ? Performance appraisal review ? Compensation reward ? Employee protection representation ? Organization improvement 3. 2 Objectives of HRM The objective of HRM can be described as follows- ? To hire the right person for the job ? To reduce employee tu rnover ? To motive people to perform at high effort levels. ? Not to waste time with useless interviews. ? To remove unfair labor practices. ? To maintain a high morale better human relations inside the origination. ? To maintain organizational peace. ? To attract competent people and retain them in the organization. To recognize and satisfy individual needs. 3. 3 Basic Principles of HRM ? Treat people with respect and dignity; ? Treat people as adults; ? Deal with people as complete individuals. ? Treat all employees with justice. ? Provide people with justice. ? Provide people with opportunities for growth and development. ? Make people feel that they are most valuable asset for the organization. ? Rewards should be earned, not given. ? Not to underestimate the potentials of people. ? Provide people with all relevant information. 3. 4 Approach of HRM Strategic approach People are the strategic asset of an organization. People have core competency, the basis of competitive advanta ge. Human resource approach People are human beings with a lot of potentials and intellectual abilities. Commodity approach People are commodity. They are viewed as a cog of a machine. Proactive approach Anticipate challenge of problem before they arise. Preventive is better than curative. 3. 5 Philosophy of HRM 1) Labor is viewed as a technical factor of production. They are treated as a commodity and they can be bought and sold. They are hired and fired at will. It is consistent with theory X. 2) Labor is viewed as human factor with a lot of positive potentials, so they must be treated with respect and dignity. This is consistent with theory Y of McGregor. 3. Standard Organ gram of HR Department in a large organization In organizations large enough to have a HR or personnel department, the personal director and his or her staff will play a key role in the designing and monitoring of human resources system. Larger organizations are more likely to help design and implement HR system. A f ull-time specialist tends to emerge when organization have about one hundred employees. A standard structure of HR department in a large company of several thousand employees is shown below: Fig: Structure of HR Department in a Large Organization 3. 7 Responsibilities of HR Department in a large organization |Position |Responsibilities |VP , HR |Executive committee, Organization planning, HR planning, Policy, Organization development | |AVP, Recruitment Employment |Recruiting, Interviewing, Testing, Placement Termination | |AVP, Compensation Benefits |Job analysis and evaluation, Surveys, Performance appraisal, Compensation administration, | | |Bonus, Profit sharing plans, Employee benefits. | |AVP, Training Development |Orientation, Training, Management development, Career planning Development. | |AVP, Employee Relation |EEO relations, Contract compliance, Staff assistance programs, Employee counseling. | Chapter 4 HR Planning Forecasting 4. 1 Concept of HR planning forecast ing HR planning is the first step in the recruiting and selection process. Human resource planning is the process of assessing the organization’s human resources needs in light of organizational goals and making plans to ensure that a competent stable workforce is employed. † – Wendell French. â€Å"Personnel planning is the process of deciding what positions the firm will have to fill, and how to fill them. â€Å"—Gary Dessler. In the words of Colman Bruce (1997) HRP is the process of determining manpower requirements and the means of meeting those requirements in order to carry out the integrated plan of the organization. According to the above definitions, HRP consists of the following elements: ? Establishing and recognizing the future job requirement ? Identifying deficiency in terms of quantity Identifying deficiency in terms of quality specification ? Identifying the sources of right type of man ? Developing the available manpower and ? Ensuring t he effective utilization of workforce. 4. 2 steps of HR planning HR planning is a process involving few stages: ? Integrate HR planning with corporate planning The first stage of HR planning is to integrate it with corporate planning. All manpower planning stems from business plans in relation to a corporate strategy. ? Forecasting internal external environment The second stage in HR planning is to forecast of assess the internal and external environmental factors include government influences economic, geographic and competitive condition. Assessment of internal HR capabilities The next stage is the analysis of internal inventory of HR capabilities. Assessment of internal strengths and weakness as a part of HR planning requires the current job and employees capabilities are audited and organizational capabilities are inventoried. ? Predicting Forecasting HR demand and supply The information gathered from external environmental scanning and assessment of internal strengths and wea knesses is used to predict of forecast HR supply and demand in light of organizational objectives and strategies. ? To locate the required HR Once the demand for HR has been forecasted, then their availability must be identified. The fourth stage of HR planning is to locate the sources from where personnel required will be available. The source may be internal and external. ? Allocation of HR The final stage of HRP is concern with allocation of human resources within organization overtime. 4. 3 HR planning and the strategic planning process HR planning should be an integral part of a firms strategic and HR planning process. The effective HR planning and strategic planning process is shown below: Fig: HR Planning Process 4. 4 Forecasting HR needs When a firm makes a plan for employment requirements, the firm usually needs to forecast personnel needs, the supply of inside and outside candidates. Different techniques like trend analysis, ratio analysis, and scatter plot can be used to estimate staffing needs. ? Trend analysis Trend analysis means studying variation in the firm’s employment levels over last five years. ? The scatter plot A Scatter plot shows graphically how to variables; business activity and firms staffing levels are related. For example, a newly established bank, which has 20 branches, expects to expand to 50 branches over the next five years. The HR director wants to forecast the requirement of manpower. The director can analyse the relationship between size of another 5 well-reported banks (in terms of number of branches) and their existing manpower. |Name of banks |Size (number of branch. |Existing manpower | |Prime bank |41 |1024 | |Dhaka bank |29 |688 | |NCC bank |41 |1000 | |Exim bank |28 |934 | |Southeast bank |38 |765 | If the bank carefully draws in a line to minimize the distances between the line and each one of the plotted points, the bank will be able to estimate the optimum number of staff needed for each bank size. Thus, for a 50 branches bank, the HR director would assume he needs nearly 1100 staffs. ? Ratio Analysis A forecasting technique for determining future staff needs by using ratio between, for example, number of customers and employee needed. 4. 5 Forecasting the Internal HR Supply Once the demand for labor is predicted, it is necessary to forecast the supply of labor that the organization will already have available to meet the demand. The internal supply of labor consists of all the individuals currently employed by an organization. The internal supply of labor is discharged. To predict the future supply the organization needs to maintain amanagement inventory chart and Human Resource Information System (HRIS). 4. Forecasting the External HR Supply The firms can’t always get all the empliyees they need from their current staff and some time they just don’t want to. So, forecasting the availability of outside supply is extremely important in human resource planning. Bec ause of the need for continuous and adequate staffing, every enterprise depends on the quality and quantity of human resources external to it. Chapter 5 Recruiting Selection 5. 1 Concept of Recruiting Selection Recruiting is the process of discovering potential candidates for actual or anticipated organizational vacancies. It involves searching and sourcing for viable job candidates. Recruitment is the process of finding qualified people and encouraging them to apply for work with the firm. On the other hand, selection is the process of choosing among those who do apply. Once an effective recruitment program has supplied enough applicants’ pool the organization faces the task of choosing the best ones for specific jobs. 5. 2 The Recruiting and Selection Process The recruitment process – putting the right people in the right positions at the right times- is one of the most critical tasks any organization faces. Throughout the recruitment process the organization attempts to â€Å"sell† itself to the more promising candidates – that is, to convince them that the organization is a good place to work. The standard recruitment process of a large organization is – Fig: The Recruiting Process Personnel selection is a process of measurement, decision-making and evaluation. The goal of personnel selection system is to bring into organization individuals who will perform well on the job. The standard selection process of large organization typically consist of eight steps : Failed Failedpassed Failed passed Failedpassed passed Problems passed Unfit Fig: The Selection Process 5. 3 Job Analysis A job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities within a job. It is a technical procedure used to define the duties, responsibilities, and accountabilities of a job. This analysis involves the identification and description of what is happening on the jib – accurately and precisely identifying the required tasks, the knowledge, and the skills necessary for performing them, and the conditions under which they must be performed. 5. 4 Job Analysis Methods The basic methods that HR manager can use to determine job elements and the essential knowledge, skills, and abilities for successful performance include the following – 1) Observation Method Observation method is a job analysis technique in which data are gathered by watching employees work. 2) Individual Interview Method Using the individual interview method, a term of job incumbents is selected and extensively interviewed. The results of these interviews are combined into a single job analysis. 3) Group Interview Method Meeting with a number of employees to collectively determine what their jobs entail. 4) Questionnaire Method Under the questionnaire Method, workers are sent specifically designed questionnaire on which they check or rate items they perform on their job from a long list of possible task items. 5) Technical Conference Method A job analysis technique involves extensive input from the employee’s supervisor. 6) Diary Method The diary method requires job incumbents to record their daily activities. 5. 5 Steps in job Analysis The steps involved in conducting the job analysis include: Fig: Steps in a job analysis 5. A Comparative Discussion between Job Analysis, Job Description, Job Specification, and Job Evaluations. Job Analysis The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person who should be hired for it. Job Description A job description is a written statement of what the jobholder does, how it is done, under what condition it is done and why it is done. It is a list of job duties, responsibilities- one product of a job analysis. ? Job Specification The job specification states the minimum acceptable qualifications that the incumbents must possess to perform the job successfully. ? Job Evaluations Job evaluation specifies the relative value of each job in the organization. 5. 7 Sources of equipment There are two sources of requirement: internal and external. Deciding whether the position is to be filled internally or externally is often as early task in recruitment planning for a specific vacancy. Entry-level jobs must be filled externally, but for other positions, internal sources are used. Internal sources are as – ? Hiring relative and dependents of the existing employee; ? By promotion and transfer of existing employees; ? From employees on leave, long course deputation of loan from similar other organization. External sources are as – ? New entrants as fresher from school and colleges; ? Educated unemployed due to lack of opportunities elsewhere; Retired hands with experiences; ? Head hunting. 5. 8 Methods of recruitment There are two methods of recruitment this are – ? Method for internal recruitment ? Job position Job position involves announcing job openings to all current employees. The announcement carry information about the nature of the positio n and the qualifications needs and any employee who is interested may did no the job. ? Employee Referrals Another way to find applicants is through employee referrals by other departments. Informal communications among managers can lead to the discovery that the best candidate for a job is already working in a different section of the firm. ? Skills Inventories Information about every employee’s skills, education, work history and other important factors is stored in a data base, which can then be used to identify employees with the attributes needed for a particular job. ? Method for external recruitment Finding qualified applicants from outside the organization is most difficult part of recruitment. Typically, the external recruitment process uses different methods: ? Advertising Advertising is one of the most popular methods. The most useful advertisement is one that specifies the exact nature of the job, the qualifications required and the salary range. The advertising medium should be selected carefully, with the target audience in mind. ? Employment Agencies There are three types of employment agencies: a) Public agencies; b) Private employment agencies; c) Management consulting firm. Educational institutions generally have placement offices to assist their graduates in finding work. Unfortunately, these kinds of agencies are not popular in our country. ? Campus recruitment Sending an employer’s representatives to college campuses to screen potential applicants and create an applicant pool from the recent graduate is called campus recruiting. It is an important source of management trainees, promotable candidates and professional and technical employees. ? Internship Many college students get their jobs through college internship. Internship is important manpower source for the organization. Internship can be win-win situation for both students and employers. ? Professional Organization Many professional organizations operate placement services for the benefit of their members. These organizations publish of job vacancies and distribute these lists to members. ? Employee leasing Individuals who are hired by one firm and sent to work for a specific duration of time are called leased employees. When an organization has a need for specific employee skills, it contracts with the leasing firm to provide a certain number of trained employees. ? Personal contact Another means of recruiting is the personal contact. Some times personal and good communication can provide an opportunity to get experience manpower as well as better job offer. 5. 9 Advantages disadvantages of internal recruitment When internal recruiting is used, the vacancy is filled by a person of known ability. There are some benefits of internal recruitment: ? Improve goodwill of the organization; ? Improve morale and motivation of employees; ? Improve probability of better selection since the candidate is better known to the organization; ? Less costly. In the case of internal recruitment, the firm also faces some difficulties ? In breeding prevents injection at new blood in the organization. ? Option in limited in locating right talents. Inhibits innovation and creativity. ? Encourage seniority mire then merit. ? Higher probability of likes or dislikes. 5. 10 Advantage Disadvantage of external recruiting External recruiting can bring in new ideas and viewpoints. Another advantage are – ? Injection of new blood with ne w knowledge and creativity. ? Economic in the long run. There are some disadvantages of external recruiting – ? External recruiting is the costly; ? Cause brain drain due to fear of lack of growth potential; ? Hanger probabilities of employee turn over; ? Demoralize existing employee. 5. 11 Practices in the Bank Recruitment Objectives of the Bank: ? To build a jubilant worthy cadre of officers. To provide the bank with an efficient and cost effective human resource setup. ? To keep bank free from unhealthy practice of Trade Union. The bank strictly follows all steps of recruiting and selection process to achieve above-mentioned objectives. The bank recruits from both internal and external sources. The bank makes its applicants pool only by newspaper advertising. Some times they recruit from internship student, where foreign banks i. e. HSBC and Standard Chartered bank, recruit major of their fresh executives from internship students pool. But the bank normally does not go for campus recruitment as well as other methods. Chapter 6 Training Development 6. 1 Concept of Training Development Training is a planned effort by an organization to facilitate employee’s learning of job related knowledge and skills for the purpose of improving performance. Training is the process of teaching new employees the vasic skills they need to perform their job. Training is a learning experience that seeks a relatively permanent change in individuals that will improve their ability to perform on the job. The training function, now popularly called HR development. Employee development, by design is more future oriented and more concentrated with education than employee job – specific training. Development therefore, focuses more on the employee’s personal growth. 6. 2 Need and important of training Training is mainly job-oriented; it aims at maintaining and improving current job performance. The need for the training program may arise due to the following: ? Entry of new recruits ? Promotion ? To increase productivity ? To improve quality ? To met organizational objective ? To prevent accident ? To support personal growth and development 6. 3 Objectives of Training 1. Establish a comprehensive understanding of the target audience community in Partner regions, 2. Identify and agree the target group(s) for the training needs analysis (TNA) within partner regions, 3. Design and implement an analysis of training needs questionnaire, 4. Analysis and document perceived training needs 6. 4 Guidelines and Framework to Design a Training and Development Plan 1. Education for Social Change (Popular and Folk Education) Free Online Lesson Plans, Lecture Notes, etc. 2. Online Resources (each having lists of resources) About Training and Development 3. Online Educational Directories, Learning Portals, etc. About TD 6. 5 Training method Training methods consider the choice of method for employee training. With training objectives defined and learning principles in mind. Methods of training are basically tow types- ? On the job training The initial stages in the planning and design of an on the job training are: a) Refer to the agreed objectives for the training as produced in the TNA or the initial planning stages. ) Consider the identified target learning population and how they might affect the training design. c) List the ways in which each objective might best be met. d) Decide whether the learning might be best achieved by an on the job or off the job training. ? Off the job training Off the job training:- Off the job training is conducted i n a location specifically designated for training. It may be near the work place or away form work, at a special training center or a resort. Conducting the training away from the work place minimizes distractions and allows trainees to devote their full attention to the material being thought. Chapter 7 Compensation Employee Benefits 7. 1 Concept of Compensation Employee Benefits Once employees have done their jobs and been appraised, they expect to be paid. Employee compensation refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees and arising from their employment. It has two main components: (1) Direct financial payments (wages, salaries, incentives, commissions and bonuses), and (2) Indirect payments (financial benefits like employer-paid insurance and vacations, child care facilities). In addition to compensation in the form of wages and salaries, HRM provides workers with various services and programs known as employee benefits. 7. 2 Components of the compensation system Fig:-Components of the compensation system 7. 3 Wages vs. Salary The words wage and salary are sometimes considered synonymous, but they have slightly different meanings. Wage refers to an hourly rate of pay and is the pay basis used most frequently for production and maintenance employees. Salary refers to a weekly, monthly or yearly rate of pay. Clerical, professional, sales and management employees are usually salaried. 7. 4 Establishing Pay rates The process of establishing pay rates while ensuring external, internal and procedural equity consists of five steps: 1) Conduct a Salary Survey The first step of establishing pay rates is to conducting a salary survey of what other employers are paying for comparable jobs. A survey aimed at determining prevailing wages rates. A good salary survey provides specific wage rates for specific jobs. 2) Job Evaluation Job evaluation is a systematic comparison done in order to determine the worth of one job relative to another. It is a formal and systematic comparison of jobs to determine the worth of one job relative to another and eventually results on a wage or salary hierarchy. 3) Group Similar Jobs into Pay Grades Once has used job evaluation to determine the relative worth of each job, the committee can turn to the task of assigning pay rates to each job; however, it will usually want to first group jobs into pay grades. It could, of course, just assign pay rates to each individual job. A pay grade is comprised of jobs of approximately equal difficulty or importance as established by job evaluation. 4) Price Each Pay Grade – Wage Curves The next step is to assign pay rates to the firms pay grades. The firm can use a wage curve to help assign pay rates to each pay grade. The wage curve shows the relationship between the value of the job and the average wage paid for this job. 5) Five – Tune Pay Rates Five – tuning involves developing pay range and correcting out of line rates. Pay ranges is a series or levels within a pay grade, usually based upon years of service. 7. 5 Importance of Job Evaluation Job evaluation is aimed at determining a job’s relative worth. It compares jobs to one another based on their content, which is usually defined in term of compensable factors like skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions. 7. 6 Types of Employee Benefits a) Mandatory Benefits Organizations are required to pay these benefits to the employees by law, rules, acts or ordinance. Example: Salary, Bonus. b) Non-mandatory benefits Optional programs and services such as tuition refunds, variety of discount programs, day care facilities for children, credit program etc. 7. 7 Employees Benefit Programs initiated by HRM There are many benefits and various ways to classify them. We can classify them as I. Pay for time not worked II. Insurance benefits III. Retirement benefits IV. Service benefits 7. 7. 1 Pay for Time Not Worked Pay for time not worked – also called supplemental pay benefits- is one of an employer’s most costly benefits, because of the large amount of time off that many employees receive. Common time off with pay periods include holidays, vacations, jury duty, funeral leave, personal days, sick leave, sabbatical leave, maternity leave and unemployment leave insurance payment for laid off or terminated employees. The following figure illustrates a wide rage of such benefits: Fig:- Payment for time not worked. 7. 7. 2 Insurance Benefits Most employers also provide a number of voluntary insurance benefits. Medical or health insurance is a major optional protections benefit offered by employers. Insurance benefits include worker’s compensation, group hospitalization, accident, disability insurance and group life insurance. ? Worker’s Compensation Worker’s compensation provides promote income and medical benefits to work related accident victims or their dependents regardless of fault. Worker’s compensation benefits can be monetary or medical. In the event of a worker’s death or disablement, the person’s dependents are paid a cash benefit based on prior earnings. ? Health and Disability Insurance Health and disability insurance helps protect against hospitalization costs and the loss of income arising form off-the-job accidents or illness. Many employers purchase the insurance from life insurance companies. Most health insurance plans provide at least basic hospitalization and surgical and medical insurance for all eligible employees at group rate. ? Life Insurance Group life insurance provides cower rate for the employer of employee and includes all employees, including new employees, regardless of health or physical condition. In addition to hospitalization and medical benefits, most employers provide group life insurance plans. In many cases, the employer pays 100% or 50% of the basic premium, which usually provides life insurance. 7. 7. 3 Retirement Benefits A very important benefit to most employees is a retirement plans. The major retirement benefits are the social security program and pension plans. ? Social Security Most people assume that social security provides income only when they are over 60, but it actually provides three types of benefits: The familiar retirement benefits- provide an income if the employee retire at 60; survivor’s or death benefits payable to the employee’s dependents regardless of age at the time of death; and disability benefits payable to disabled employees and their dependents. These benefits are payable only if the employee is insured under the social security Act. ? Pension Plans Pension plans provide a fixed sum when employees reach a predetermined retirement age or when they can no longer work due to disability. There are many kinds of pension plan: ? Contributory VS. Noncontributory Under contributory plans, both employees and employers are required to contribute to the pension fund, while under noncontributory plan; pension funding is the sole responsibility of the employer. In noncontributory plans where contributions are based on company profits (deferred profit sharing plans), accumulated funds are usually allocated on the basis of salary. ? Defined benefit VS. Defined contribution plan With defined benefit plans, the employee knows ahead of time the pension benefits he/she will receive. The defined pension benefits itself is usually set by a formula that ties the person’s retirement pension to an amount. Defined contribution plans specify what contribution the employee and employer will make to the employee’s retirement or savings fund. Here, in other words, the contribution is defined, not the pension. With a defined benefit plan the employee knows what his/her retirement benefits will be upon retirement. With a defined contribution plan, the person’s pension will depend on the amounts contributed to the fund and on the retirement fund’s investment earning. 7. 8. 4 Employee Services In addition to the benefits describe above, organization’s offer a wealth of services employees may find desirable. These services can be provided to the employee at no cost or at a significant reduction from what might have been paid without the organization’s support. Services provided to employees may be- ? Wellness Program In an effort to stimulate wellness, many employees can provide recreational facilities for employees or reimburse employees for health club memberships. Other companies provide incentives for employees to participate in exercise programs, ‘quit smoking, lower blood pressure or cholesterol or to take similar steps toward good health. ? Educational Assistance Another important benefit is educational assistance. Some times companies offer monthly stipends for students. Typically, employees are reimbursed for tuition and possibly for books or other associated costs. ? Child-care Assistances It is likely that every major company will soon consider offering child-care assistance as an employee benefit. In most recent year this benefit is being popular in our country because of the number of women in the labor market has increased dramatically. ? Another Services are Another important services, that can be provided by the company are: Social and recreational events, employee assistance programs, credit unions, housing, tuition reimbursement, company paid transportation, free coffee, baby-sitting services or referrals. 7. 9 Incentive Plans Manager may offer group and individual incentive plan those ties pay to some measure of he firm’s overall profitability. Several incentive plans are: ? Piecework Plans A system of pay based on the number of items processed by each individual worker in a unit of time, such as items per hour or items per day. ? Merit Pay as an Incentive Merit pay or a merit raise is any salary increase the firm awards to an individual employee based on his or her individual performance. ? Profit Sharing Plans Profit sharing plan is a plan whereby employees share in the company’s profits. There are several types of profit sharing plans: ? In cash plans In cash plans, the firm simply distributes a percentage of profit as profit shares to employees. ? Deferred profit sharing plans The firm places a predetermined portion of profit in each employee’s account under a trustee’s supervision. ? Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP) ESOPs are company wide plans in which a corporation contributes shares of its own stock or cash to be used to purchase such stock of the firm’s stock tor employees. Chapter 8 Employee Relationship 8. 1 The Meaning of Ethics Ethics refers to â€Å"the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group† and specifically to the standards individual use to decide what he/she conduct should be. 8. 2 Organizational culture Organizational culture is the characteristic values, traditions and behaviors a company’s employees share. A value is a basic belief about what is right or wrong, or about what should or should not do. 8. 3 Employee Discipline and Privacy The purpose of discipline is to encourage employees to behave sensibly at work (where sensible is defined as adhering to rules and regulations). In an organization, rules and regulations serve about the same purpose that laws do in society; discipline is called for when one of these rules or regulations are violated. A fair and just discipline process is based on three prerequisite: rules and regulations, a system of progressive penalties and an appeals process. The four main types of employee privacy violations upheld by courts are intrusion, publication of private matters and disclosure of medical records and appropriation of an employee’s name or likeness for commercial purposes. 8. 4 Types of Disciplinary Actions ? Minor Penalties ? Reprimand / censure; Withholding for a specified period or stoppage of increment, confirmation or promotion; ? Stoppage for a specified period at an efficiency bar in the time scale; ? Any other minor punishment. ? Major Penalties ? Recovery fr om salary of the whole or part of any pecuniary loss caused to the band by the employee; ? Degradation to any lower post; ? Compulsory retirement from service with or without retirement benefits; ? Removal from service; ? Dismissal from service. 8. 5 Disciplinary Proceeding ? Before imposing any penalty as above, the employee concerned shall be informed in writing about the charges and also be given an opportunity to answer to the charges in writing. An inquiry into charges may be held before taking final action in this regard and the competent authority may appoint an inquiry officer senior in rank to the accused to inquire into the charges and to submit his findings before passing final order in the case. ? An employee, against whom disciplinary action is proposed to be taken, may be placed under suspension, or the competent authority may order him to proceed on leave. ? The period of suspension will not exceed 90 days. If an employee, put under suspension, is not found guilty, he shall be entitled to full salary for the period of his suspension. ? If an employee put under suspension, is awarded any penalty in case of compulsory retirement or dismissal from service, the effect shall be from the date of suspension and in the case of any other penalty, the effect shall be from the date of passing of the order by the competent authority. An employee who has been awarded any penalty shall have a right to appeal to the competent authority within 30 days (or any period determined by the authority) from the date of the order. 8. 6 Disciplinary Appeals Processes The disciplinary appeal process consists of following three steps: Steps 1: Management review In step 1, the complainants submit a written complaint to a member of management (e. g. manager, senior manager or managing director) within seven calendar days of the occurrence of the eligible issue. Steps 2: Officer Complaint If not satisfied with that decision in step 1, then in step 2, the complainant submits a written appeal to the vice president or senior vice president of the division within seven calendar days of the step 1 decision. Step 3 Executive appeal Review Finally in step 3, the complainant may submit a written complaint within seven calendar days of the step-2 decision to the employee relations department. This department then investigates and prepares case file for the executive review appeals board. 8. 7 Disciplines without Punishment No one likes being punished. The basic aim of discipline without punishment is to gain an employee’s acceptance of the rules by reducing the punitive nature of the discipline itself. 8. 8 Managing Dismissals Dismissal is the involuntary termination of an employee’s employment with the firm. Dismissal is the most drastic disciplinary step the manager can take. Because of this, special care is required to ensure that sufficient cause exists for it. Managing dismissals is an important part of any supervisor’s job. The best way to handle a dismissal is to avoid it in the first place. Many dismissals start with bad hiring decisions. Using sound selection practices including assessment tests, reference and background checks, drug testing and clearly defined job descriptions can reduce the need for many dismissals. 8. 9 Grounds for Dismissal There are four bases of dismissal – 1. Unsatisfactory Performance Unsatisfactory performance may be defined as persistent failure to perform assigned duties or to meet prescribed standards on the job. Specific reasons include excessive absenteeism, tardiness, and adverse attitude toward the company, supervisor or fellow employees. 2. Misconduct Misconduct is deliberate and willful violation of the employer’s rules and may include stealing, rowdy behavior and insubordination. 3. Lack of Qualification for the Job Lack of qualification for the job is an employee’s inability to do the assigned work although he/she is diligent. 4. Insubordination Insubordination, a form of misconduct, is sometimes grounds for dismissal. It should remember that some acts are or should be deemed insubordinate whe How to cite Hrm Practice in Banking Sector, Essay examples